Стратегии на образователната и научната политика

2013/4, стр. 533 - 551

QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

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ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎPrue AndersonбразованиеEducational AssessmentОценяваневучилищнотооQUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

George Morgan

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Designing questionnaires
3. Writing questionnaires
4. Coding questionnaire responses
5. Linking questionnaires to test data
Glossary

1. Introduction

This module describes the process of developing questionnaires for national assessments.

A questionnaire is a set of items designed to obtain information from a person. The kind of information can vary widely, and may include data on personal characteristics, work qualifications and practices, working conditions and resources, or background information about the person, and his or her attitudes, beliefs, or opinions on certain issues.

A national assessment seeks to obtain a reliable estimate of student achievement (measured in a specially designed test) and information about key variables associated with differences in achievement (measured in a questionnaire). Tests collect information about student performance, and questionnaires, when used in conjunction with achievement tests, collect data about variables that might be associated with or help explain differences in levels of student performance. For example, questionnaire data can suggest that schools with no libraries are associated with poor student performance or that schools where teachers regularly participate in professional development programs are associated with high student performance. These data suggest different ways educational resources might be usefully directed to improve student learning.

A good questionnaire collects data about variables that policy makers want accurate information about, variables that they can possibly affect and are willing to in uence, and variables that research evidence indicates can impact on student achievement.

The information obtained in questionnaires is useful if policy makers can and do use it to guide policy decisions. The most common mistake of most questionnaires is to

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎcollect too much information that is of little value or cannot be used. Policy makers aregenerally only interested in information about a few key variables. Moreoverthere may be good scientithe political and social consequences of collecting the data might indicate that a nationalassessment is not the most appropriate mechanism for doing so.that keep accurate and reliable records about characteristics of schools, teachers, andstudents. It is worthwhilec reasons for collecting some kinds of data, consideration of, even whenInformation can often be collected from sources other than questionnaires in countriesnding out if government records are a useful source ofinformation that may be cheaper and easier to access than administering questionnaires.

2. Designing Questionnaires

Questionnaire design should clearly describe the kinds of data that will be collected, how the data will be analysed and reported, and how fi ndings might contribute to improving education.

The main steps in questionnaire design are:

– Deciding the purpose of a questionnaire and how the data will be used.

– Developing a blueprint that specifies respondents, focus areas, item types, and coding or scoring and administration protocol – completed by an interviewer or self-completed.

– Writing items, panelling to review and refi ne items, and designing the layout of the form to make it easy for respondents to use and efficient for data entry people to process the data.

– Specifying a data analysis plan for processing information collected and creating measurement variables and indicators for subsequent statistical analysis.

– Pre-testing or fi eld testing questionnaires to establish the suitability of items and response categories.

– Analysing the pre-test questionnaire data, refining questionnaires, and producing the final questionnaires for administration in a national assessment.

The development of questionnaires should parallel the development of tests for the national assessment. Box 2.1 provides details on the steps in questionnaire development and the people involved.

Questionnaires and instructions for their administration should be prepared and pretested or field tested at the same time as the tests. This means that questionnaire blueprints should be developed at the same time as the test blueprints, and that questionnaires should be written and panelled at the same time as test items are being written and panelled.

Questionnaire Content

A questionnaire should collect information about key variables that might help to explain differences in the performance of students on an achievement test. However, a myriad of intertwining variables can conceivably affect students’ performance. A questionnaire can focus on only a few.

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎPolicy makers usually want to know about variables that are associated with importanteducational issues in their country such as the language of instruction, disparities in thedistribution of educational resources, or attitudes to the education of girls.It is also quite possible that policy makers will not know what variables toinvestigate. They may give a long list of variables that are drawn from personalexperience and observation or that they think ‘ought’to be in a questionnaire. Thisneeds to be reduced to a few focused requirements that are likely to be of use inshaping the content of the questionnaire.Box 2.1Components of Questionnaire DevelopmentComponentPeople involved1. PurposeClarify the purpose and potential use ofthe questionnaire data.Policy makers, key stakeholders,and test development manager.2. Blue-printDesign the questionnaire blueprintto specify respondents, focus areas,item types, coding and administrationprotocol.Test development manager, subjectexperts, data analyst, experienceditem writers, experienced teachers,policy makers, and key stakeholders.3. ItemsWrite questionnaire items.Test development manager anditem writers.Panel questionnaires to rene for clarityand usefulness.Test development manager anditem writers.Review questionnaires.Test development manager, policymakers and key stakeholders.4. DataanalysisplanSpecify the plan for processing informa-tion, for creating measurement variablesand indicators, and for types of analysis.Data analyst and test developmentmanager.5. Pre-testDesign, produce, and proofreadquestionnaires for pre-testing.Test development manager,item writers, design and layoutprofessionals, and proofreaders.Write administration instructions forpre-testing of questionnaires and trainadministrators.Test development manager anditem writers.Pre-test questionnaires at the sametime as tests are being pre-tested.Test development manager,logistics manager, and testadministrators.6. Finalquestion-naireAnalyse pre-test questionnaire data.Test development manager, dataanalyst.Rene questionnaire and administrationinstructions on basis of pre-test data andfeedback from pre-test administrator.Test development manager, itemwriters, data analyst.Produce questionnaire fornal test.Test development manager,item writers, design and layoutprofessional, proofreaders.
ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎare expensive and require technical expertise. Resources are invariably limited, especiallywhen it comes to questionnaires, so questionnaires need to be short, concise, and highlyrelevant. Data collected in a questionnaire must also be technically acceptable if they areto be used to explain student performance. Basing the length of the questionnaire directlyon models used by other national assessments is not recommended, but these models maybe useful as a rough guide. Each country has its own needs and these must determine thenature of the questionnaire that is appropriate. MoreoverPolicy makers may not appreciate that analysing and reporting on questionnaire data

, most questionnaires administered in national assessments collect far too much data, which are rarely analysed properly because of limited resources. Sometimes the data are not even processed.

The test development manager, or person responsible for the production of the questionnaire, may need to give policy makers some guidance about key variables that are likely to provide useful information. To do this, he/she may need to do some research and present policy makers with some relevant examples to help them refine their list of variables. Policy makers need to consider how they might use the information they will collect. Identifying this will help to further refine the list of variables to be addressed.

The main components of questionnaire development, together with the people involved in each component are set out in Box 2.1.

Since questionnaires will be designed to tap into things that respondents are likely to know about, the topics included are likely to vary for students, parents, teachers, and head teachers. The following are suitable topics for questionnaires for each of these groups of respondents:

Student Questionnaires

– gender, age, language background (usually collected on the front of the test booklet);

– educational background, such as years at school, periods away from school;

– opportunities to attend school;

– expectations of success, personal or family attitudes about the value of school;

– perceptions of classroom environments such as sense of safety, friendliness of other students, or support from teachers.

Parent Questionnaires

– nationality, gender, language background;

– home environment, such as access to books, desks, lights;

– family background, such as education of parents, language spoken at home;

– attitudes to education, such as commitment to sending children to school, perception of the value and relevance of education, or perceptions of the quality of education;

– study resources provided at home for children;

– affordability and accessibility of education for children;

– expectations of educational achievement for children;

– involvement with schools such as participation in the classroom or on committees;

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒΖ teaching conditions, such as class size, access to resources, percentageof students who have textbooks, access to replacement teachers when sick, and– the nature of school reports about children’s progress, and their value;nancial support for school in the form of payment for textbooks and fees.Teacher Questionnaires– gender, age;rst language;– nationality;

assistance with diffi cult students;

– educational experience, teacher qualifications, number of years in this school;

– professional engagement with learning such as access to and interest in professional development, interest in teaching, time spent preparing classes;

– teaching methodology, such as language of instruction, use of assessment, style of teaching;

– satisfaction with working conditions such as tenure, rates of pay, level of supervision;

– relationship with school community such as interactions with parents, involvement in school committees, participation in local community events;

– distance from teacher’s home to school.

Head Teacher Questionnaires

– age;

– educational experience and qualifi cations;

– school environment, such as quality of buildings and facilities and availability of resources;

– school records such as uctuations in student numbers, the extent of student or teacher absenteeism, the frequency of students moving schools;

– professional engagement with school leadership such as access to and interest in professional development, interest in education;

– leadership style, use of time;

– satisfaction with working conditions such as tenure, rates of pay, level of supervision;

– relationship with school community such as interactions with parents, participation in local community events.

Questinnaire Blueprint

A blueprint is required to guide the development of a questionnaire. It describes the content of the questionnaire; identifies the respondents; lists key variables to be addressed; specifies the format of items, kinds of response categories, and the administration protocol.

Box 2.2 provides an example of the blueprint of a questionnaire used in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to collect information about students’ attitudes and values to school and

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎtheir local community. Recent reforms in education and new curriculum materials beingintroduced to schools had emphasized teaching students to value their local communityand acquire skills that would assist them in constructively contributing to village life asadults. Papua New Guinea’s policy makers wanted to collect information about students’expectations and perceptions of school and their community. The questionnaire wasadministered to all the students who sat the national assessment tests.Box 2.2Attitudes and Values Questionnaire BlueprintFocus areasAttitudes to schoolBeliefs about life in PNGPerceptions of local communityNumber of questions101515RespondentsGrade 3Grade 5Grade 8Grade 5Grade 8Grade 5Grade 8Response categoriesyes or noyes or noyes or noPart IIAttitudes to schoolBeliefs about life in PNGPerceptions of local communitybeliefs about personal achievement, intended length of schooling, personal future plansattitudes to education: teaching in vernacular, compulsory eduction, role of school, education ofgirls, roles of womenperceived level of co-operation in the local community: support for school; local involvement incommunity events; and sharing of resourcesperceptions of helpfulness of teachers, friendliness of students, bullying, willingness to make friendsfrom outside villageattitudes to community, personal intention to stay in local community or reasons for goingperceived attitude of local community to girls and womenattitudes to personal hygiene habitsattitudes to conict resolution andghtingperceived level of constructive employment in local community, and use of peaceful means toresolve problemsattitudes to alcohol and drugsperception of problems caused by drug and alcohol use in local community
ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎIn deciding on the number of items in a questionnaire, consideration has to begiven to the amount of time available to answer questions, the resources availablefor analysis, and the complexity of the analysis required. It is preferable to have ashort limited questionnaire that is properly analysed and provides useful informationc variable depends on the natureof the variable. Some variables such as gender or age can be measured directly.Questionnaire ItemsThe number of items needed to measure a specithan a long comprehensive questionnaire that is never processed.

Other variables such as socioeconomic status tend to be constructed from a number of variables, such as level of parental education, job status, location of home, and ownership of property. A raw variable is the data derived from a direct measure. An aggregated variable combines data from two or more items to represent a construct. Policy makers generally find results of analysis based on raw variables easier to interpret than those based on aggregate variables. Decisions about whether a raw variable is a sufficient measure or whether an aggregated variable is required to support a construct should be based on good research practices and conditions in the country. Both national and international surveys have used aggregated variables. In Vietnam, for example, a variable “school quality” based on four variables was used (see Box 2.3).

Box 2 3Weights Assigned to Variables Constituting School Quality in Vietnam StudyWeightTotal school resources.81Total classroom resources.76% of pupils in full-day school.70Amount of parental contribution.63

Country specific issues are relevant in deciding how many items are needed to measure a variable. For example, in a country where conditions of teacher education are fairly uniform, and all teachers have at least two or three years of tertiary education in recognized institutions, a single raw variable measuring years of tertiary education may be sufficient. However, in a country where conditions of teacher education vary widely, the quality of teaching institutions is extremely uneven, and many teachers may have been given on-the-job training, a number of raw variables may need to be aggregated to represent a construct of teacher education that reects the situation in that country. Similarly, in a wealthy country, study resources at home may be measured by a single raw variable regarding access to the internet, but, in a poor country, study resources at home may be better represented as an aggregate of raw variables including access to a desk, a chair, a lamp, pencils, paper, and text books.

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎa measure also depend on beliefs about the signiexample, in measuring teaching experience, if its quality varies extensively dependingon where teachers are employed, and there is a belief that this might also affect studentperformance, then information about where the teacher has worked should be collectedas well as information about the length of time spent teaching. If there is a belief that thenumber of years of teaching experience might affect students’of where this experience was gained, then a single raw variable is probably sufcance of the possible raw variables. ForDecisions about whether to use a single raw variable or an aggregate variable to obtaincient.performance, regardless

Item Format

Forced-choice items are a great deal easier, faster, and cheaper to process than open-ended items. As they provide a limited number of categories from which to select a response, data processing is simply a matter of entering the respondent’s selection, which can be immediately entered into a computer for analysis. Openended items, on the other hand, give respondents a space in which to write their answer, and responses have to be processed by hand before they can be entered into a computer for analysis, a complex and time-consuming process. Some national assessments have included open-ended questions that were never analysed.

Questionnaire data are often summarized for reporting. For example, responses to a question about the time students take to travel to school each day may be categorized into a few large groups, such as, less than one hour, between one and two hours, and more than two hours. In an open-ended version of this item, some students will give times in minutes and others in hours, others may write ‘a long time’ or ‘quickly’ and others will give an illegible answer. The range of responses will be large. Someone has to try to categorize all these responses, including making decisions about how to classify responses such as ‘a long time’.

It is better to use forced-choice items if it is possible to make a good guess about the likely range and differences in the categories of most respondents’ answers. If there is some uncertainty about this, then more finely differentiated categories than are required for reporting purposes may be used. Once data are entered, decisions can be made about which categories give little information and can be combined or dropped (e.g., if no one selected them).

It may be feasible to use open-ended items if the questionnaire is being administered to a small sample and resources are available to classify the responses by hand. It is sometimes useful to pre-test or field test items as open-ended with the intention of using the information obtained in the try-out to generate categories for a forced-choice version of the item in the fi nal administration.

Language of the Questionnaire
The language used in the questionnaire should be a language that respondents
are most likely to be able to read and write uently. However, this needs to be

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎ, questionnaires are administered inGiven that some background information about students is always collected onthe front page of test booklets, the selection of questionnaire respondents dependson what policy makers want to know and how feasible it is to obtain this informationbalanced with economies of scale. Generallythe same language(s) as the test material.Respondents

reliably and effi ciently.

Some problems that may be associated with respondents are:

– students may be too young to fill in a questionnaire reliably or accurately;

– lack of resources may limit the administration of questionnaires to a small group, such as teachers or head teachers, rather than thousands of students;

– many parents may be illiterate or unreliable in returning questionnaires;

– teachers and head teachers may not be motivated to fill in a long questionnaire, or may feel too threatened to answer questions honestly.

Whatever decision is made about respondents, the sample selected for a questionnaire should be representative of the population. If the questionnaire is being administered to students, the same sample that has been drawn for the test should respond to the questionnaire. Sampling experts should be consulted about required sample sizes for administration to teachers, head teachers, and parents.

Questionnaires Administration

Questionnaires are typically responded to in writing or are administered in an interview. The latter requires a trained interviewer to ask the questions and to write down interviewee responses (perhaps applying codes provided in the questionnaire form).

In large-scale assessments, most questionnaires are written and administered in groups to minimize cost. Questionnaires should contain instructions on how questions should be answered. The instructions might include reasons for collecting the information.

Collection of questionnaire data may be done under supervision of a fi eld worker, who collects the forms after they have been completed by respondents.

Data Analysis Plan

A data analysis plan specifies what kind of information will be provided by each item in a questionnaire, and how the information will be used in analysis. The provision of expert statistical assistance in designing the plan will increase confidence that data can be analysed meaningfully and that the findings will be rigorous and defensible.

The plan should show:

The measurement characteristics of the variables. Nominal or categorical variables have no intrinsic order to the categories (e.g., the categories of gender).

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎOrdinal variables have a clear ordering of categories such as number of years ofteaching experience. The way the questionnaire data can be analysed depends onthe measurement characteristics of the variables. Seethe measurement characteristics of variables.new variable, and how the new variable will be used. For example, an indexof ‘poverty’location of home, number of children, and parents’AppendixAfor denitionsof– How data from a number of variables will be aggregated to produce amight be constructed from variables such as household income,education level. How thevariables will be aggregated to represent ‘poverty’would be considered in thedesign plan.

3. Writing questionnaires

It should be clear from the way an item is constructed what information is required. Furthermore, it should be within the competence of respondents to provide the information. Thus, one would not ask young students to recall how many days they have been absent during the school year as they would be unlikely to be able to do this reliably. At best, they might remember how many days they were away last week.

The wording in items should be as simple and clear as possible. Vocabulary should be familiar and sentences short and direct. It is important that all the respondents should be able to read the questionnaire.

The first part of a questionnaire item can be a question, an incomplete sentence, or a statement that respondents evaluate.

The style in which the respondent is addressed should be consistent. One or other of the following may be used:

– refer to ‘you’; for example, ‘How old are you?’.

– refer to ‘I’; for example, ‘I come to school by …’

Questions

Questions should be clear and unambiguous. The following question is ambiguous.

How long have you been a teacher?

This question confuses the time that has elapsed since training with the time engaged in teaching. Anyone who has left teaching and returned, such as women who took time out to raise their families will be unsure how to answer the question. It is not clear if this is a measure of teacher experience or of time elapsed since training. There are at least two questions here:

When did you complete your teacher training?

How many years of teaching experience do you have?

The second question is still problematic, as the way years of teaching experience might be measured is not clear. For example, should five years experience, working part-time, one day a week, be counted as five years or as the equivalent

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎof one year? If almost all teaching positions in the country are full-time, then thisHow many years of full-time (or equivalent full-time) teaching experience dois not an issue, but if many are part-time it is. The question might read:It may be necessary to dene what is meant by ‘equivalent’.you have?

Statements Items that open with a statement usually require respondents to make some kind of evaluation of the statement, such as ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, ‘disagree’, or ‘strongly disagree’. It is preferable to avoid negative statements as they can be confusing as shown in the following item.

strongly agreeagreedisagreestrongly disagreeI do not like school.ABCD

Students who do like school should select the categories of either disagree or strongly disagree to express their liking for school. Young children often fi nd double negatives diffi cult.

It is preferable to keep statements as neutral as possible. It is better to have a statement that says, ‘I like school’, rather than one that says, ‘I love school’. Students can express greater fondness for school by selecting strongly agree for their response.

Statements should focus on one issue. Thus statements such as ‘I work hard and do well in my school work’ should be avoided. Students who do well at school without working hard will not know which response to select. Students who work hard may strongly agree with this statement, although they may not do well in their school work. The statement is better expressed as two statements: ‘I work hard at school’; ‘I do well in my school work.’

Response Categories

Good response categories have the same meaning for all respondents. The following response categories are likely to have different meanings for different people.

How many text books do you have in your grade?

A. none B. a few C. some D. many

The response categories for the item should be quantified so that the meaning is clear.

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎrespondents, but this is part of the information sought, as the following itemshows:How many text books do you have in your grade?A. noneB. 1 to 4C. 5 to 20D. more than 20Sometimes response categories may have a different meaning for different

How good is your school library?

A. no library

B. poor

C. adequate

D. good

E. excellent

If the item is about the respondent’s level of satisfaction with the school library, regardless of any objective measure of its quality, then this is a good item. If the item is combined with items that quantify, for example, approximately how many shelves of books or computer facilities are in the library, then the respondent’s perception can be compared with more objective measures of the extent of the library facilities.

Response categories also need to take into account the level of accuracy of answers respondents are likely to be able to give. Respondents are unlikely to know the number of books in a library with any kind of accuracy, unless it is very small.

Response categories need to cover all possible responses. If there are a few major categories and many minor ones, it is preferable to list the major ones and include an option of ‘other’. Pretesting helps identify the major categories.

Response categories should not overlap or leave gaps. Both mistakes are shown in the question

How long have you been teaching at this school?

A. less than 5 years

B. less than 10 years

C. more than 10 years

Teachers with less than 5 years teaching experience do not know if they should select the first or the second option. Teachers with 10 years teaching experience do not have an option to select.

Questionnaire items that open with a statement that respondents are asked to evaluate may have many different response categories. It is important that the categories do not overlap. Some examples of response categories that have been used in the teacher questionnaire for the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) are:

– yes, no

– strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree

– almost every day, once or twice a week, one or twice a month, never or hardly ever

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎSome issues are sensitive, such as whether teachers have a second job to. If most respondents are unlikely to answer a question, it should be left out. Policy makers may be very interested in thisinformation, but there is little point in collecting unreliable data. Sometimes it

– not at all, a little, quite a lot, a great deal
– not important, somewhat important, very important
Managing Sensitive Issues

supplement their salary honestly may be possible to collect related information that is not as sensitive.

Including questions about sensitive issues may offend respondents who may refuse to answer the rest of the items or to return the questionnaire. If there is any concern about the sensitivity of issues, it is better to leave them out.

Questionnaire Layout

There are two critical considerations in the layout and design of questionnaires:

– ease of use for the respondent; and

– ease of use for data processing.

Questionnaires are easy to use when they have the following characteristics:

– simple, consistent way of answering questions;

– uncluttered presentation;

– separate questions are easily identifi ed;

– response categories are clearly associated with each question;

– consistent use of headings, fonts, layout;

– response categories are coded for data entry.

Response categories can be set out in many different ways. They may be in a vertical column or in a horizontal row. Respondents may circle an alphabet letter or number or tick a box to indicate their selection. It is preferable to be consistent in the style of response.

An example is provided in Box 3.1 of an item in which responses are not clearly identified with response categories.

Box 3.1The following example shows a poor alignment of boxes and response categories.How long does it take you to get to school most days?Less than 15 minutes15 minutes30 minutes45 minutes1 hourmore than 1 hourThe boxes are placed between the response categories instead of being clearly alignedwith just one category.
ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎitems are carefully scrutinized and revised to ensure they are clear and unambiguous.Asking a panel to review the questionnaire will help in this task. Members of the panelshould include item writers; someone familiar with the characteristics of the respondentpopulation; and someone who is able to ensure the items are culturally appropriate.they were respondents. This will help to identify where categories of responseWriting questionnaires is much more difcult than it looks. It is essential that allReviewing QuestionnairesIt is useful if panel members attempt to complete the questionnaire as though

might be unclear, overlap, or fail to include some kinds of response.

Panel members should critique the items, especially for clarity of wording and the suitability of response categories. They should ensure that wording is as simple and clear as possible, that the style of items is consistent, and that items are presented in a logical order with appropriate instructions.

Panel members should also check that items match the questionnaire blueprint and ensure that each item provides the required information. They also need to check that there are an appropriate number of items to measure each of the variables with suffi cient precision.

Once the questionnaire has been refined, policy makers should be given the opportunity to review it. Policy makers need to approve the items, especially if they touch on politically sensitive issues. They also need to check that the items will provide useful information.

After questionnaires have been refi ned they should be pre-tested or fi eld tested along with the test materials.

Pre-testing provides the opportunity to improve the quality of items and reduce the time and cost of processing data from the final questionnaire. Items that do not work (e.g., where respondents are confused) can be dropped, and categories of response can be expanded or contracted.

Following administration of the questionnaire, the administrator should collect feedback from respondents (students or teachers) about items that are unclear or do not contain appropriate information. They should check that no items are considered offensive because they touch on sensitive issues.

More formal statistical analysis of responses may indicate that response categories need to be more fi nely differentiated. For example, if most students select a particular response category for an item, it is better to split the category into more fi nely differentiated categories to obtain more precise information.

If the range of possible responses to an item is potentially very large and hard to anticipate, the item should be left open-ended in the pre-test. Responses can then be classifi ed and used to generate categories for a forced-choice item in the fi nal questionnaire.

4. Coding questionnaire responses

Response categories must be coded for data entry. Coding may be alphabetical, or numerical.

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎAlphabet codes usually require respondents to circle the letter for their response.icking boxes or shading circlescan be an easier way for people with limited literacy skills to show their answers.rst response category is usually coded 1, thecient if the codes are printedon the questionnaire. This can be done in a small greyscale font as shown in Box4.1. In the example, the response categories item are numbered under the boxes:This may not be suitable for younger students. TIf the items use this kind of layout, they should be coded numericallyIf numerical coding is used, thesecond category 2, and so on. It makes data entry ef.

walking is category 1, public transport is category 2, and so on. The student ticks the box that applies to him/her. The data entry person enters the number of the box that the student selected.

Box 4.1Today I cam e to school bywalkingpublic transportprivate transportriding an animal1234

If respondents are given the opportunity to select more than one response category for an item, each category should be treated as a separate item for data entry and data processing. This way it is possible to keep track of which categories each respondent selected. The item in Box 4.2 is presented to the respondent as one question with multiple

Box 4.2If you were away last week check one or more boxes to show your reason.I was sick.1I had to help my parents.1The weather was bad.1I did not have food.1My family had problems.1I did not have a clean uniform or proper clothes to wear.1It was not safe (peace and order problems).1Other ________________________________________1

possible responses. However, it is treated as eight separate items in data entry. Responses to the first category (absent through sickness) are recorded as either 1 or missing, responses to the second are recorded as either 1 or missing, responses

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎto the third category (helping parents) are similarly recorded, and so on for each ofthe eight categories.The design and layout of the questionnaire has to be customized if machine-scanning is to be used.the questionnaire if response categories have been coded. However

Preparing Questionnaires for Data Entry

Questionnaire data can be scanned with special equipment or entered manually.

If data entry is being done manually, information can be entered directly from , it may be difficult for data entry people to maintain a high level of accuracy, especially if they are unfamiliar with this kind of work. Data entry accuracy is also likely to be compromised if the layout of the items varies extensively or if some items have a large number of response categories.

Data entry will be facilitated if raters write the code for the selected category in the left-hand margin, next to each item number. Data entry then becomes a simple matter of entering the codes written in the margin. Adding lightly shaded boxes in the margin for raters to write the codes makes the process more effi cient.

Coding Missing or Ambiguous Responses

Sometimes respondents do not answer items or answer them ambiguously, such as selecting more than one response category when categories are mutually exclusive.

Collecting information about missing responses tells you whether there are some items respondents consistently failed to answer. For example, the questionnaire may be too long, so that items at the end are not answered, or an item may be too close to other items and easily overlooked. Collecting information about ambiguous responses will also tell you if an item is possibly unclear to many respondents or if the respondents do not understand how to complete the questionnaire.

The data entry person needs to know how to code missing or ambiguous responses. Codes used for missing or ambiguous responses should not be confused with the codes used for categories of response.

A letter of the alphabet may be used to denote missing or no attempt, such as X. The code for ambiguous responses could be a second letter such as Y. Multiplechoice items use codes of 9 for missing and 8 for selecting two or more options. These codes are usually not used for questionnaires as it is quite likely that some questionnaire items will have 8 or 9 response categories.

5. Linking questionnaires to test data
How questionnaire data are linked to test data will be guided by the needs of
analysis and reporting. It is essential that all links are clearly and unambiguously

ÎÖÅÍßÂÀÍÅÒÎAny linking error discovered after data haveThis could also result in havingquestionnaires to test dataThe student records his/herbooklet and the test administrator ensures the student works in his/herIf the tests and questionnaires are separate documents, one method of linkingbeen collected may be difcult or impossible toestablished prior to data collection.to abandon some planned analyses.x.Student Questionnaires.The easiest way to link studentis to print the tests and the questionnaires in onebooklet.name on theown booklet for each of the test sessions.

data is to overprint or label both tests and questionnaires with their students’ names. Names will be taken from the school roll and should be identical for each label. Again, the test administrator needs to ensure that students work on the test and the questionnaire with their name on it.

If it is not possible to pre-label separate booklets and questionnaires, the student questionnaires need to have suffi cient identifying information to allow them to be linked to test data. It is preferable to allocate a numerical identity (ID) to students and ensure they use the same ID number on each booklet. The test administrator will have to oversee this. (The data analyst will also need the list of student names and ID numbers.) Matching names may be used as a backup where there are ID errors.

It is not desirable to rely on students’ names to match forms. Unless names are absolutely identical on each form and are entered identically by the data processing person, with no spelling errors, the computer cannot match them. Matching will then have to be done manually, a time-consuming and expensive exercise. Some students will make matching by names additionally complicated by using different names, such as shortened forms, family names, or religious names on different forms; writing illegibly on one or more forms; or failing to write their name on one or more forms.

Parent Questionnaires. Parent questionnaires may need to be linked to student data. The linking will probably be through the students’ names. The same problems apply as outlined above. Procedures should to be set up to try to ensure consistency.

Teacher and Head Teacher Questionnaires. Teacher and head teacher questionnaires are usually linked to the grade and the school only. If the students’ grade is known, the teacher information can be used in the analysis of student data. The test administrator should check that teachers and head teachers have provided this information on the questionnaire.

When questionnaires are returned from schools, each school’s questionnaires should be stored in a separate bundle. This way, even if the school information was not supplied on some questionnaires, it has not been lost.

Anderson, Prue; Morgan, George. 2008. Developing tests and questionnaires for a national assessment of educational achievement. (National assessment of educational achievement, volume 2, part 2) © The World Bank. http://hdl.handle. net/10986/6524. License: CC BY 3.0 Unported license.

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Книжка 4
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Книжка 3
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Assoc. Prof. Petya Biolcheva Evgeni Valchev, PhD student

Книжка 2
РАЗПОЛОЖЕНИЕ НА ВИСШИТЕ УЧИЛИЩА В БЪЛГАРИЯ В КОНТЕКСТА НА ФОРМИРАНЕ НА ПАЗАРА НА ТРУДА

Гл. ас. д-р Цветелина Берберова-Вълчева, доц. д-р Камен Петров, доц. д-р Николай Цонков

CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS OF THE CYBER HYGIENE AS A SUBCLASS OF CYBER SECURITY IN MILITARY ENVIRONMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ISSUES

Prof. Boyan Mednikarov, DSc. Prof. Yuliyan Tsonev Dr. Borislav Nikolov, Prof. Andon Lazarov, DSc.

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MODERNIZATION OF THE CONTENT OF THE LECTURE COURSE IN PHYSICS FOR TRAINING FUTURE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS

Dr. Ivan Beloev, Assoc. Prof., Dr. Valentina Vasileva, Assoc. Prof. Prof. Vasyl Shynkaruk, DSc., Assoc. Prof. Oksana Bulgakova, Assoc. Prof. Maria Bondar Assoc. Prof. Lesia Zbaravska, Assoc. Prof. Sergii Slobodian

THE NEW PANDEMIC NORMAL THROUGH THE EYES OF BULGARIAN STUDENTS

Prof. Vyara Stoilova, Assoc. Prof. Todorka Kineva

2022 година
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ORGANIZATION OF AN INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Prof. Halyna Bilavych Prof. Nataliia Bakhmat Prof. Tetyana Pantiuk, Prof. Mykola Pantiuk Prof. Borys Savchuk

ДИГИТАЛИЗАЦИЯ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО В БЪЛГАРИЯ: СЪСТОЯНИЕ И ОБЩИ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ

Д-р Теодора Върбанова, проф. д-р Албена Вуцова, доц. д-р Николай Нетов

СКРИНИНГ НА ЗРЕНИЕТО – ПРОФИЛАКТИКА И ЕЛЕМЕНТ ОТ ПРАКТИКАТА НА СТУДЕНТИ И ОБУЧЕНИЕТО НА УЧЕНИЦИ

Руска Драганова-Христова, д-р Славена Стойкова, доц. д-р Снежана Йорданова

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ПРАВОТО НА ИЗБОР В ЖИВОТА НА ДЕЦАТА В РЕПУБЛИКА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Проф. д.п.н. Сийка Чавдарова-Костова, гл. ас. д-р Даниела Рачева, ас. Екатерина Томова, доц. д-р Росица Симеонова

SUSTAINABLE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COACHING: BENEFITS FOR TEACHERS AND LEARNERS

Assoc. Prof. Irina Ivanova, Assoc. Prof. Penka Kozhuharova, Prof. Rumyana Todorova

SELF-ASSESSMENT – A COMPONENT OF THE COMPETENCE-BASED TRAINING IN THE PROFESSION “APPLIED PROGRAMMER”

Assoc. Prof. Ivaylo Staribratov, Muharem Mollov, Rosen Valchev Petar Petrov

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BENCHMARKING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED AND POWER CHARACTERISTICS

Assist. Prof. Dr. Darinka Ignatova Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alexander Iliev

DIAGNOSIS AS A TOOL FOR MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADDICTION PREVENTION IN ADOLESCENTS

Prof. O.A. Selivanova Assoc. Prof. N.V. Bystrova, Assoc. Prof. I.I. Derecha, Assoc. Prof. T.S. Mamontova, Assoc. Prof. O.V. Panfilova

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ПУБЛИЧНОТО РАЗБИРАНЕ НА НАУКАТА В МРЕЖОВИЯ СВЯТ

Д-р Светломир Здравков, д-р Мартин Й. Иванов, д-р Петя Климентова

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА УСТОЙЧИВО РАЗВИТИЕ – ПРАКТИКО-ПРИЛОЖНИ АСПЕКТИ

Гл. ас. д-р Златка Ваклева Проф. д-р Тоня Георгиева

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PREPARATION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS FOR COMMUNICATIVE AND RHETORICAL ACTIVITY IN SCHOOL IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR PRACTICAL TRAINING

Prof. Halyna Bilavych Prof. Nataliia Bakhmat Prof. Tetyana Pantyuk, Prof. Mykola Pantyuk Prof. Borys Savchuk

ПРОЛЕТНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА СЪЮЗА НА МАТЕМАТИЦИТЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

(Трявна, 5 – 9 април 2022) Гл. ас. д-р Албена Симова

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ДИГИТАЛНАТА ИНТЕРАКЦИЯ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛ – СТУДЕНТ В ОНЛАЙН ОБУЧЕНИЕТО В МЕДИЦИНСКИТЕ УНИВЕРСИТЕТИ

Д-р Миглена Търновска, д-р Румяна Стоянова Доц. Боряна Парашкевова, проф. Юлияна Маринова

2021 година
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ЕДНА РЕКАПИТУЛАЦИЯ НА ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ ВЪРХУ ИНТЕРКУЛТУРНИТЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ. КАКВО СЛЕДВА ОТ ТОВА ЗА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО?

Давидков, Ц., 2019. Изследвания върху културите. Културни ориентири на управлението. София: СУ „Св. Климент Охридски“, ISBN 978-954-9399-52-3 Проф. Пламен Макариев

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RECOGNITION OF FAKE NEWS IN SPORTS

Colonel Assoc. Prof. Petko Dimov

SIGNAL FOR HELP

Ina Vladova, Milena Kuleva

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PREMISES FOR A MULTICULTURAL APPROACH TO EDUCATION

Dr. Anzhelina Koriakina, Assoc. Prof., Prof. Lyudmila Amanbaeva, DSc.

ПОЗИТИВНА ПСИХОЛОГИЯ: ПРОБЛЕМНИ ОБЛАСТИ И ФОРМИРАНЕ НА ЛИЧНОСТТА

Доц. д-р Стоил Мавродиев, Любомира Димитрова

КНИГА ЗА ИСТОРИЯТА НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ВИСШЕ ИНЖЕНЕРНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Сгурев, В., Гергов, С., Иванов, Г., 2019. Положителните науки с приложение към индустрията. История на висшето техническо образование в България. София: Изд. на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“, Изд. „Захарий Стоянов“. ISBN 978-619-245-004-5, ISBN 978-954-09-1387-2.

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION – SEMIOTIC ASPECTS

Prof. Dr. Christo Kaftandjiev Dr. Diana Kotova

THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF ACCOUNTING EDUCATION FOR FUTURE MANAGERS

Nataliia Radionova, DSc. Dr. Radostina Stoyanova, Assist. Prof.

ЗА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ И ЗАЛОЗИТЕ НА НАСТОЯЩЕТО

Нунев, Й., 2020. Мониторинг на процесите на приобщаване и образователна интеграция и модели за десегрегация на ромското образование. Пловдив: Астарта, ISBN 978-954-350-283-7

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METHODOLOGY OF SAFETY AND QUALITY OF LIFE ON THE BASIS OF NOOSPHERIC EDUCATION SYSTEM FORMATION

Nataliia Bakhmat Nataliia Ridei, Nataliia Tytova, Vladyslava Liubarets, Oksana Katsero

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В УСТОЙЧИВО РАЗВИТИЕ И ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ „ДЕТЕ – СРЕДА“

Стоянова, М. (2020). Образование в устойчиво развитие и взаимодействие „дете – среда“ София: Авангард принт. ISBN 978-954-337-408-3

2020 година
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HIGHER EDUCATION AS A PUBLIC GOOD

Yulia Nedelcheva, Miroslav Nedelchev

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НАСЪРЧАВАНЕ НА СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ ВИСШИТЕ УЧИЛИЩА И БИЗНЕСА

Добринка Стоянова, Блага Маджурова, Гергана Димитрова, Стефан Райчев

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THE STRATEGY OF HUMAN RIGHTS STUDY IN EDUCATION

Anush Balian Nataliya Seysebayeva Natalia Efremova Liliia Danylchenko

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ПОМОЩНИ СРЕДСТВА И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ПРИОБЩАВАЩОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Янкова, Ж. (2020). Помощни средства и технологии за деца и ученици със специални образователни потребности в приобщаващото образование.

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МИГРАЦИЯ И МИГРАЦИОННИ ПРОЦЕСИ

Веселина Р. Иванова

SOCIAL STATUS OF DISABLED PEOPLE IN RUSSIA

Elena G. Pankova, Tatiana V. Soloveva, Dinara A. Bistyaykina, Olga M. Lizina

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ETHNIC UPBRINGING AS A PART OF THE ETHNIC CULTURE

Sholpankulova Gulnar Kenesbekovna

ЗА СВЕТЛИНАТА, КОЯТО ИЗЛЪЧВА… В ПАМЕТ НА ПРОФ. Д.П.Н. АСЕМГУЛ МАЛДАЖАНОВА

Нашата редколегия загуби един все- отдаен и неповторим колега и приятел – проф. д.п.н. Асемгул Малдажанова. Пе- дагог по призвание и филолог по мисия! Отиде си от нас нашият приятел, коле- га и член на редколегията на списанието – професор д.п.н. Асемгул Малдажанова – първи заместник-ректор на Евразийския

2019 година
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EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE OF THE SOCIAL TEACHER

Kadisha K. Shalgynbayeva Ulbosin Zh.Tuyakova

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„ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИ КИНОХОРИЗОНТИ“ В ПОЛЕТО НА МЕДИА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО

(2018). Образователни кинохоризонти. Международен сборник с научни публи- кации по проект „Естетически и образователни проекции на кинодидактиката“. Бургас: Проф. д-р Асен Златаров. Съставител: Маргарита Терзиева. ISBN 978-954-471-496-3

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ВИСШЕТО МОРСКО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В КОНКУРЕНТНА СРЕДА

Бакалов, Я. (2019). Висше морско образование. Лидиране в конкурентна среда. Варна: Стено. ISBN 978-619-241-029-2

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УЧИЛИЩЕТО НА БЪДЕЩЕТО

Наталия Витанова

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КНИГА ЗА УСПЕШНИТЕ НАУЧНИ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ

Кожухаров, А. (2018). Успешните научни публикации. Варна: Тера Балканика. ISBN 978-619-90844-1-0

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POST-GRADUATE QUALIFICATION OF TEACHERS IN INTERCULTURAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Irina Koleva, Veselin Tepavicharov, Violeta Kotseva, Kremena Yordanova

ДЕЦАТА В КОНСТИТУЦИОННИТЕ НОРМИ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ

Румен Василев, Весела Марева

СЪСТОЯНИЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Анелия Любенова Любомир Любенов

ИНТЕРКУЛТУРНИЯТ ТРЕНИНГ КАТО ЧАСТ ОТ СТРАТЕГИЯТА ЗА ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИОННА ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ

Хубенова, М. (2018). Значение на междукултурната комуникация за направления: политически науки, право, икономика и бизнес. София: Издателски комплекс УНСС. ISBN 978-619-232-072-0

ЕДИН НОВ УЧЕБНИК

Дончева, Ю. (2018). Теоретични и методически основи на запознаване с околния свят в детската градина. Русе: Лени Ан

2018 година
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СТРАТЕГИИ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА И НАУЧНАТА ПОЛИТИКА НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ STRATEGIES FOR POLICY IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL ГОДИНА XXVI / VOLUME 26, 2018 ANNUAL CONTENTS / ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 120 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 121 – 224 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 225 – 336 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 337 – 448 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 449 – 560 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 561 – 664

ДИСКУСИОННО / DISCUSSION 211 – 216: Процедурата за назначаване на ръководител на катедра като причина за вло- шаващото се качество на обучението и микроклимата във висшите учи лища у нас [The Procedure for Appointing a Head of Department as a Reason for the Deteriorating Quality of Education and the Microclimate in the Higher School] / Александър Димит- ров / Alexander Dimitrov

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A NEW AWARD FOR PROFESSOR MAIRA KABAKOVA

The staff of the Editorial board of the journal “Strategies for Policy in Science and Education” warmly and sincerely congratulates their Kazakhstan colleague -

ПРОДЪЛЖАВАЩАТА КВАЛИФИКАЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ – НОРМАТИВЕН И ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ОБЗОР

(научно-теоретично обобщение върху проведени обучения на учители)

ЕТНОЦЕНТРИЗМЪТ И ИНЕРЦИИТЕ ОТ МИНАЛОТО – СЕРИОЗНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ В БЪЛГАРСКАТА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНА СИСТЕМА

(Eтнопедагогически аспекти на основното и средното образование) Веселин Тепавичаров

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ХРИСТО БОТЕВ И ПОЗНАВАТЕЛНИЯТ КРЪГОЗОР НА СЪВРЕМЕННИТЕ СТУДЕНТИ ЗА ЕВРОПА

Изследователски разказ за един познавателен подвиг и за една познавателна недостатъчност

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BLENDED EDUCATION IN HIGHER SCHOOLS: NEW NETWORKS AND MEDIATORS

Nikolay Tsankov Veska Gyuviyska Milena Levunlieva

ВЗАИМОВРЪЗКАТА МЕЖДУ СПОРТА И ПРАВОТО

Ивайло Прокопов, Елица Стоянова

НАДНАЦИОНАЛНИ И МЕЖДУПРАВИТЕЛСТВЕНИ МЕТОДИ НА ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ В ОБЛАСТТА НА ПРАВОСЪДИЕТО И СИГУРНОСТТА

(Формиране на обща миграционна политика: парадигми и образователни аспекти) Лора Махлелиева-Кларксън

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ВЪЗПРИЯТИЯ И НАГЛАСИ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ПО ВАЖНИ ОБЩЕСТВЕНИ ВЪПРОСИ

(Данни от Международното изследване на гражданското образование – ICCS 2016)

2017 година
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ЗНАЧИМОСТТА НА УЧЕНЕТО: АНАЛИЗ НА ВРЪЗКИТЕ МЕЖДУ ГЛЕДНИТЕ ТОЧКИ НА УЧЕНИЦИ, РОДИТЕЛИ И УЧИТЕЛИ

Илиана Мирчева, Елена Джамбазова, Снежана Радева, Деян Велковски

ВЪЗПРИЯТИЯ И НАГЛАСИ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ПО ВАЖНИ ОБЩЕСТВЕНИ ВЪПРОСИ

(Данни от Международното изследване на гражданското образование – ICCS 2016)

СТРАТЕГИИ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА И НАУЧНАТА ПОЛИТИКА НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ STRATEGIES FOR POLICY IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL ГОДИНА XXV / VOLUME 25, 2017 ANNUAL CONTENTS / ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 112 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 113 – 224 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 225 – 336 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 337 – 448 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 449 – 552 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 553 – 672

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ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННА КУЛТУРА В УЧИЛИЩЕ

Ивайло Старибратов, Лилия Бабакова

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КОУЧИНГ. ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЕН КОУЧИНГ

Наталия Витанова, Нели Митева

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ТЕХНОХУМАНИЗМЪТ И ДЕЙТЪИЗМЪТ – НОВИТЕ РЕЛИГИИ НА БЪДЕЩЕТО

Harari, Y. N. (2016). Homo Deus. A Brief History of Tomorrow. Harvill Secker. ISBN-10: 1910701874

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РЕФОРМИТЕ В ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО – ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ И ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА

Интервю с Габриела Миткова, началник на Регионалното управление на образованието – Силистра

ЕМПАТИЯ И РЕФЛЕКСИЯ

Нели Кънева, Кристиана Булдеева

2016 година
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СТРАТЕГИИ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА И НАУЧНАТА ПОЛИТИКА НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ STRATEGIES FOR POLICY IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL ГОДИНА XXIV / VOLUME 24, 2016 ANNUAL CONTENT / ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ

СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 120 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 121 – 232 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 233 – 344 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 345 – 456 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 457 – 568 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 569 – 672

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2014 година
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КОХЕРЕНТНОСТ НА ПОЛИТИКИ

Албена Вуцова, Лиляна Павлова

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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ПО ПРАВАТА НА ЧОВЕКА ПРЕЗ ПОГЛЕДА НА ДОЦ. ЦЕЦКА КОЛАРОВА

Цецка Коларова. (2013). Образование по правата на човека. София: Авангард Прима. ISBN 978-619-160-234-6

USING THE RESULTS OF A NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Thomas Kellaghan Vincent Greaney T. Scott Murray Chapter 4 Translating Assessment Findings Into Policy And Action Although the primary purpose of a system of national assessment is to describe students’ learning, its role is not limited to description. To justify the effort and expenditure involved, the information that an assessment provides about the achievements of students, their strengths and weaknesses, and how they are distributed in the population (for example, by gender or location

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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY FACULTY: А SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Gulnar Toltaevna Balakayeva Alken Shugaybekovich Tokmagambetov Sapar Imangalievich Ospanov

ЗА ПО-ХУМАНИСТИЧНА ТРАДИЦИОННО- ИНОВАЦИОННА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНО-ВЪЗПИТАТЕЛНА СТРАТЕГИЯ У НАС

(КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА РАЗРАБОТКА В ПОМОЩ НА ПОДГОТОВКАТА НА НОВ ЗАКОН ЗА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО)

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РЕФЛЕКСИЯТА В ИНТЕГРАТИВНОТО ПОЛЕ НА МЕТОДИКАТА НА ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО БИОЛОГИЯ

Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Надежда Райчева, Снежана Томова

USING THE RESULTS OF A NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Thomas Kellaghan Vincent Greaney T. Scott Murray Chapter 1 Factors affecting the use and nonuse of national assessment fi ndings The main objectives of a national assessment, as set out in volume 1 of this series, Assessing National Achievement Levels in Education, are to determine (a) how well students are learning in the education system (with reference to general expectations, aims of the curriculum, and preparation for further learning and for life); (b) whether there is evidence of par

2013 година
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QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

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РОССИЙСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ОЦЕНКИ КАЧЕСТВА ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ГЛАВНЫЕ УРОКИ

В. Болотов / И. Вальдман / Г. Ковалёва / М. Пинская

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MASS MEDIA CULTURE IN KAZAKHSTAN

Aktolkyn Kulsariyeva Yerkin Massanov Indira Alibayeva

РОССИЙСКАЯ СИСТЕМА ОЦЕНКИ КАЧЕСТВА ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ: ГЛАВНЫЕ УРОКИ

В. Болотов / И. Вальдман / Г. Ковалёва / М. Пинская

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ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ НА ГРАЖДАНСКИТЕ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТИ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ: ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА И ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИ

Светла Петрова Център за контрол и оценка на качеството на училищното образование

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Уважаеми читатели,

вет, както и от международния борд за предоставените статии и студии, за да могат да бъдат идентифицирани в полето на образованието пред широката аудитория от педа- гогически специалисти във всички степени на образователната ни система. Благодаря за техния всеотдаен и безвъзмезден труд да създават и популяризират мрежа от научни съобщества по профила на списанието и да насърчават научните изследвания. Благодаря на рецензентите от национално представените висши училища, на- учни институции и

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