Философия

2014/4, стр. 396 - 401

THE PROBLEM OF EVIL IN HISTORY

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Ключови думи:

Vyara Nikolova
South-West University “Neofi t Rilski”

Abstract. Hegel points out that "today we went beyond the limits of Kant’s philosophy", but, as he specifies, this can be done in two ways: forwards and backwards. Has Hegel "gone ahead" in the solution of the problem of evil? What is the nature of evil and what is its role in history? Both Kant and Hegel explore different aspects of the nature of evil. But for both evil comes from the natural essence of man. Hegel dwells in details on this moment and distinguishes between the natural essence of the animal (which is innocent) and the natural essence of man (who is responsible). Both associate evil with the possibility of free choice. Kant and Hegel bind together into a whole morality, reason and religion. The welding element is freedom.

Keywords: evil, history, reason, religion, freedom

Hegel notes, “today we went beyond Kant’s philosophy, but this can be done in two ways: as far forward and as far back” (Hegel, 1974: 155). Has Hegel “gone ahead” in the solution of the problem of the evil? – A problem, which continues to be debated from antiquity to the present day. The problem has several dimensions: the nature of evil, the reasons for the evil, evil in history.

Kant defines evil as destruction that follows from its “internal disunity with itself”. This disunity is the cause for the good “to be born” from the subsoil of evil. (Kant, 1992: 230 – 231). Thus, if the nature of evil is the destruction, its natural development is to self-destruct itself. Kant’s defi nition is too general. This makes it compelling but difficult to be applied in specific historical situations. Is evil the same in all its manifestations? Is it enough to say that the evil is “internally disunited” (Kant).

Hegel also defines evil as destruction. But Hegel’s analysis is more detailed and allows for historical extrapolations. He aims at revealing the essence of evil through an analysis of human nature. Hegel seeks the common features and the most important differences between man and animal. This approach has the advantage that, starting from a certain point of view, various logical extrapolations can be drawn. Therefore, the problem needs to be analyzed not just with respect to human nature, but as regards to the structure of human personality.

In its entirety human personality consists of four different structures. Plato calls them “dispositions of the soul” (Plato, 1981: 433 b). They represent the four stages of development, interrelated and independent, as personality’s development may remain in each stage.

First is the man of his natural essence. Plato calls this stage “satisfaction of the immediate needs” and clarifies that it should be under the control of reason.

There are two opposing views on the question of the nature of evil in the history of philosophy: the notion of man as a natural, instinctive and therefore evil creature. The other is the idea of man as a being that is innocent and good by nature. The second view is widespread at the time of Kant and Hegel – the period of the Enlightenment and fi nds concrete expression in the views of Rousseau. But Hegel is far from Rousseau’s romantic notions of man as a good being by nature. Before him, Kant also points out that man has a natural essence in which the “law of nature” excludes freedom.

Humans as natural entities are instinctive creatures akin to animals. What is common between a human and an animal as a natural entity is a whole range of inclinations and instincts motivated by the quest for survival. This fi rst human essence – natural and instinctive, includes evil as innate, as long as it is instinctive.

Hegel defines the natural essence as non-freedom because of man’s dependence on instincts and inclinations. In a human, this “non-freedom” or dependence on instincts and inclinations is a sphere of evil and aggression. – Unlike an animal that is also possessed by instincts and inclinations, but which is not evil. Innate aggression in animals is not evil, while in humans it is evil. The difference is that the animal has no choice; there is no moral law to deter it from killing. A human has a choice. But human natural inclinations are so strong that they can suppress moral principles.

This is natural, primitive evil. This kind of evil is primitive, because in the pursuit of goals, it has no moral constraints. It is typical of people who have an underdeveloped moral side.

Secondly, an essential element in the human personality is the sphere of emotions, feelings and passions. Plato calls this second part of the human soul impulsiveness. – Because when the emotions are not controlled by reason and morality they are impulsive and destructive.

In the field of emotions and passions there is freedom, as this is an entirely subjective area – an area of assessment where there is no normativity, no restrictions. The most vivid illustration is the art which is the result of human emotions and passions, and is aimed at the emotions and feelings of the people. It is liked or not, but not “right or logical” There is absolute freedom; it is freedom beyond morality.

Evil in the emotional part of personality is different from “natural” evil. There, nature is a legislator, pushing the living creature to actions aimed at its survival. Here the intention is different; the evil does not serve for survival but for a selfexpression or the humiliation of another person. So, the emotional and the sensual side is subject to the strong demand for an assessment, which makes it highly subjective and therefore non-compliant with ethical rules.

Hegel observes another function of emotionality. It has an instrumental role, which serves to achieve other, not emotional goals. Hegel notes in particular that “emotional side” of human personality when he talks about the factors of the historical development. – For Hegel to explain history, means to reveal the passions of people, the acting forces and Providence, which is called a plan.

With the metaphor “cunning of reason” (Hegel, 1995: 48) Hegel expresses the whole range of emotions: passion, ambition, lust for power, self-interest that serve to achieve the higher goals of “historical necessity”. – Of course, when the “great personality” is insightful for this historical necessity. Because a man can invest these passions in small intentions or disputes and so “historical necessity” will not be realized. Nothing great in this world happens without passion.

Hegel sets evil in the primitive instincts and emotions; in this subjective human realm that manifests itself as selfishness, ambition, etc. This is the role of evil as a driving force in history. – For Hegel notes that the virtues and the noble love for a country have a little role. The power of passion, self-regard and selfishness is that it does not recognize the boundaries that moral and law struggle to set.

Therefore, history has two aspects: the idea and the human passions, and the term “cunning of reason” combines these two aspects. This expression means that the idea for objective laws makes its way independently and through the individuals. Or in other words, it is the “use” of the individual passions, of the natural essence that holds the evil, to achieve global goals. Great personalities are great because they are insightful about what is needed for this universal. They are humans whose personal goals coincide with historical necessity. They are not a typical instance of sobriety. They give themselves completely to one goal. So, often they are careless or cruel. So, world history is a development of the principle, whose content is the sense of freedom.

Third is the rational nature of man, called by Plato thought, whose supreme form is wisdom. This is the area of reason, thinking, the logical, the rational, which does not allow freedom. Logical laws and rational imperatives are strictly defi ned. They tolerate only interpretations, not improvisations. Instead of subjective, emotional evaluations, there is discretion to “correct and logical”. This is the sphere of science and philosophy. Here truth is objective, absolute.

Reason is closely related to morals, under the justification of moral laws, and under the justifi cation of the motivation and the sanctions for the non-compliance with them. Socrates was convinced that knowledge of the law is suffi cient condition for a man to be no-evil, to be good. For Kant and Hegel knowledge of the law is only a condition. The rational nature of man serves for the awareness and the streamlining of the objectives and motives. Kant develops in detail the role of reason, that of a legislator. Hegel argues that thanks to knowledge, to awareness man distinguishes between good and evil. The distinction is possible because a moral law, as a regulator, has already been formulated.

So the evil, when motivated only by rational motives, is evil for the sake of evil. This is a conscious, deliberate evil that has no moral brakes.

Fourth is morality.

Plato called this part of human personality “justice”. If the second nature of man has passions and feelings, here there is suffering, guilt and remorse. Morality as a structural element of human personality is independent of emotions and feelings. When they are present, and that is often, they just blur moral principles.

Morality is dependent on freedom, not because there is subjectivism and arbitrariness, but because morality is always the result of free choice. – A choice between primitive, instinctual inclinations and moral constraints; a choice between strong feelings and passions and moral boundaries; a choice between rational arguments and moral principles. Morality is impossible without reason and establishment and formation of principles, and as a motive for our will to comply with these principles.

Kant argues that “moral law is what completely detaches us from nature and elevates us above it. And most importantly, it’s not reason but morality what makes a man a man” (Kant, 1994: 87). Thus, Kant binds the notion of evil with morality and freedom. Morality is what makes possible the concept of good (Kant, 1993: 103 – 104). The role of reason is to convince us “to obey moral laws and respect them even at the cost of all pleasures of life that conict them” (Kant, 1994: 70). Human actions are governed by a law that is not natural, a law of freedom (Kant, 1993: 106). The inclination to evil is related only to the moral power of free choice. Moral evil is the ability to be responsible for the evil of our own deeds (Kant, 1997: 29).

Therefore, freedom of choice is solely responsible for the evil. Thus, according to Kant, to see the evil as a punishment from hands of a superior power is not serious, because it means to deny free will (Kant, 1993: 74 – 75).

Hegel also connects freedom and moral choice. He points out that, contrary to everyday thinking, the inclinations and the natural essence of man are manifestations of non-freedom. Therefore, the animal is a creature entirely natural by its essence and therefore “innocent” (Hegel, 1995: 50); the evil is absolutely alien to it, because it is not free. Man as a natural being is possessed by fear, inclinations and instincts; therefore he is prone to evil and is also no-free. But as a social being, man is the carrier of morality and, in this way, of good. A spirit that is free opposes the natural inclinations.

Thus, Hegel distinguishes between the first animal nature of man and the other – morality. Thus, restricting the impulses and passions is freedom. The inclinations that are the “natural state” are dependent because they have something external. The natural man, the man with inclinations is not in himself because the “content” of his desires, and thoughts is not his own and his freedom is “formal” (Hegel, 1974: 124).

Kant and Hegel explore different aspects of the nature of evil. But for both evil comes from the natural essence of man. Hegel dwells in detail on this aspect and makes the important distinction between the natural essence of the animal (that is innocent) and the natural essence of man (who is guilty). Freedom is the welding element of morality, reason and religion. – Because freedom is the basis of the choice of both evil and good. Religion has an essential function – to strengthen morality (Kant), but it is also religion thanks to which the value of man is determined and raised.

The connection to the rational side of human nature is through the law and the debt. Thus, this rational side brings the suffering, which Hegel discusses. If “Heaven is full of the innocent”, there is no evil, no suffering. – In human society, “knowledge is suffering”, but not the knowledge of the Pythagorean’s theorem, but the knowledge of the moral law.

Moral is the true sphere of freedom, free choice, and free will. And because reason is not always so strong as to serve to motivate action, religion comes to help. Kant formulated the so-called moral proof of the existence of God and defi ned God as a regulative principle and a powerful repressive authority.

Hegel on his part emphasizes on religion and law as “external regulations” for morality. To highlight the power of religion in morality, Hegel uses a bright metaphor, speaking of the need for “religious vaccinations against evil” (Hegel, 1995: 73).

Hegel’s analysis really goes further than Kant, as it not only defines evil as destruction, but differentiates different types of evil according to the structure of human personality.

Therefore, based on the structure of personality and the motivation that ensues from it four types of evil can be distinguished.

In the fi rst type – primitive evil, the motivation is survival of the individual or the community. This kind of evil is determined by the natural instincts and in this sense is a manifestation of non-freedom. There is freedom there only if there is an attempt to counter these natural inclinations, which occurs only with the help of morality. In history this type of evil occurs not only among primitive societies who are struggling for survival, but also in civilizations, when fighting for territory and resources. The examples are numerous wars, including the First and Second World War, which were wars for colonies, territories and natural resources.

The second type of evil – subjective evil is motivated by human emotions and is a manifestation of the need for evaluation. This is a sphere of freedom, because there are no rules or regulations that determine the correctness of the assessments. Only morality may limit such arbitrary assessments. In the basis of the assessments stands the deep human need: to be appreciated, to be recognized as signifi cant even at the cost of negative value judgments of the others. Throughout history, evil manifests itself as wars and aggression aroused for no practical purpose, but motivated by emotional values such as glory, honor, and nobility. Such are some of the medieval wars and chivalrous tournaments.

The third type – rational evil is motivated by reasonable arguments, which makes it an absolute evil, recognizing no moral barriers. This is the absolute freedom from the reins of morality. In history, a manifestation of rational evil is terrorism, where there is no practical purpose (as in primitive evil, where there is a clear practical purpose), no emotional desire for glory and honor (as are the knights’ fi ghtings). This “evil is for the sake of evil” as a demonstration of strength and desire to sow fear among peaceful and innocent people.

The fourth type – moral evil, is absurd only at fi rst glance. There are a number of personal acts and actions of communities and countries who use evil in defensive actions to protect people and their life, freedom and dignity.

Therefore, each of the different structures of the individual has its specifi c manifestation of evil and the only barrier to it is morality.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

Платон (1981). Държавата. София.

Кант, И. (1992). Антропология от прагматично гледище. София.

Кант, И. (1994). Спорът на факултетите. София.

Кант, И. (1993). Критика на практическия разум. София.

Кант, И. (1997). Религия в границите на самия разум. София.

Хегел, Г. (1995). Философия на историята. Том 1. София.

Гегель, Г. (1974). Энциклопедия философских наук. Т.1. Москва.

REFERENCES

Platon (1981). Darzhavata. Sofi ya.

Kant, I. (1992). Antropologiya ot pragmatichno gledishte. Sofi ya.

Kant, I. (1994). Sporat na fakultetite. Sofi ya.

Kant, I. (1993). Kritika na prakticheskiya razum. Sofi ya.

Kant, I. (1997). Religiya v granitsite na samiya razum. Sofi ya.

Hegel, G. (1995). Filosofi ya na istoriyata. T. 1. Sofi ya.

Gegely, G. (1974). Entsiklopediya fi losofskih nauk. T. 1. Moskva.

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НОВАТА МОНОГРАФИЯ НА ПРОФ. НИКОЛАЙ МИЛКОВ – ЕДИН ЗАБЕЛЕЖИТЕЛЕН ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПОХВАТ

Nikolay Milkov (2020). Early Analytic Philosophy and the German Philosophical Tradition. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 296/295 p., ISBN10: 1350086436; ISBN13: 9781350086432

2020 година
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TRUTH IN LEGAL NORMS

Boyan Bahanov

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REVIEW OF GUNNAR SKIRBEKK’S “CRISIS AND CO-RESPONSIBILITY. SHORT POLITICAL WRITINGS”

Gunnar Skirbekk (2016). Krise og medansvar. Politiske Sm‹skrifter (Crisis and Co-responsibility. Short Political Writings). Oslo: Res Publica. ISBN 978-82-8226-045-9. 272 p.

НОВА КНИГА ЗА ЕМПИРИЧНОТО ПСИХОЛОГИЧНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ

Стоянов, В. (2020) Емпиричното психологично изследване: количествен срещу качествен подход. Варна: СТЕНО. ISBN 978-619-241-087-2, 185 с.

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ПСИХОСОЦИАЛНИ И МЕДИЦИНСКИ АСПЕКТИ ПРИ ПРОСЛЕДЯВАНЕ НА СЛУЧАЙ С LUES – НОРМИ, ЗАБРАНИ И ПРЕДРАЗСЪДЪЦИ

Милена Димитрова, Росица Дойновска, Данчо Дилков, Траянка Григорова, Галина Димитрова

НОВА КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА И СИСТЕМАТИЧНА ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛНА АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ

Канавров, В. (2020). Трансценденталният път към човека. София: Изток-Запад, ISBN 978-619-01-0572-5, 512 с. Формат 16/70/100, 32 печатни коли

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УВАЖАЕМИ ЧИТАТЕЛИ,

Можем да определим и отминалата 2019 г. като изключително успешна в намеренията ни да превърнем списание „Философия“ в авто- ритетно международно издание. Присъстви- ето му в едни от най-престижните световни информационни бази го направи популярно и привлекателно за автори от целия свят. В ре- дакцията ни продължиха да се получават ръ- кописи от близки и далечни страни. Така през последните години тематичното съдържание на списанието постоянно се разнообразява- ше, а гео

PHILOSOPHY AND LIFE SCIENCES IN DIALOGUE

(2019). Philosophy and Life Sciences in Dialogue. Theoretical and Practical Questions. Proceedings of the IV. International Summer School Bioethics in Con- text; edited by Thomas Sören Hoffmann and Valentina Kaneva.

НОВАТА МОНОГРАФИЯ НА ВЕСЕЛИН ПЕТРОВ ВЪРХУ УАЙТХЕД

Petrov, V. (2019). Aspects of Whitehead’s Philosophy of Organism. Louvain-la- Neuve, Belgique: Les ‚ditions Chromatika. ISBN 978-2-930517-62-9, 154 p.

FREGE IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Lozev, K. (2019). A Review of "In the Eve, or the Other Revolution: Gottlob Frege". Blagoevgrad: BON. ISBN 978-954-395-228-1, 228 p.

2019 година
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KANT’S SYSTEM OF JUDGMENTS

Silviya Kristeva

ДРЕВНОИНДИЙСКИЯТ ФИЛОСОФ БХАРТРИХАРИ ЗА ПЪРВИ ПЪТ НА БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК

За изреченията и думите (Вакяпадия) на Бхартрихари Първа част Брахмаканда (Превод на български език, терминологичен речник и въведение Мирена Пацева)

НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ ФИЛОСОФИЯ BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCATION ГОДИНА XXVIII / VOLUME 28, 2019 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ / ANNUAL CONTENTS СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 112 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 113 – 224 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 225 – 336 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 337 – 448

BOOK REVIEWS / НОВИ ЗАГЛАВИЯ 99 – 103: За две нови монографии на Нонка Богомилова [For Nonka Bogomilova’s Two New Monographs] / Иванка Стъпова / Ivanka Stapova 104 – 105: Truth and Meaning. Categories of Logical Analysis of Language by Todor Polimenov / Kamen Lozev 208 – 212: Отзив за книгата на Андрей Лешков – „Ауратично и театрично“ (Основни светогледни тематизми на модерното естетическо мислене) [Review about Andrei Leshkov’s Monography – “Auratical and Theatrical”

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КАНТ ИЛИ КАНТ(ОР)

Валентин Аспарухов

A MONOGRAPH IN THE FIELD OF PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC

Kristeva, S. (2018). Genesis and Field of Logical Theory. Studies in Philosophical Logic. Sofia: Faber

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ПСИХОСОЦИАЛНИ АСПЕКТИ НА РЕАКЦИЯТА НА СКРЪБ У МАЙКАТА СЛЕД НЕУСПЕШНА АСИСТИРАНА РЕПРОДУКЦИЯ

Милена Димитрова, Данчо Дилков, Галина Димитрова, Стоян Везенков, Росица Дойновска

ОТЗИВ ЗА КНИГАТА НА АНДРЕЙ ЛЕШКОВ – „АУРАТИЧНО И ТЕАТРИЧНО“ (ОСНОВНИ СВЕТОГЛЕДНИ ТЕМАТИЗМИ НА МОДЕРНОТО ЕСТЕТИЧЕСКО МИСЛЕНЕ)

Лешков, А. (2018). Ауратично и театрично. (Основни светогледни тематизми на модерното естетическо мислене). София: ОМДА. ISBN 978-954-9719-98-7

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УВАЖАЕМИ ЧИТАТЕЛИ,

И през изминалата 2018 г. редакционната ни колегия продължи да търси възможности и да постига успехи в главната си амбиция да утвърди списание „Философия“ като автори- тетно международно научно и методическо издание, публикуващо качествени текстове от областта на философията и нейното препода- ване. Така любимото ни списание беше вклю- чено и в още една изключително престижна световноизвестна база от данни с научна ин- формация. В своето писмо до нас редакторът д-

ЗА ДВЕ НОВИ МОНОГРАФИИ НА НОНКА БОГОМИЛОВА

Богомилова, Н. (2018). Религията днес: между Theos и Anthropos. София: Парадигма. ISBN: 978-954-326-351-6 Богомилова, Н. (2018). (Не) Човешкото: литературно-философски ракурси. София: Парадигма. ISBN: 978-954-326-365-3

TRUTH AND MEANING. CATEGORIES OF LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE BY TODOR POLIMENOV

Polimenov, T. (2018). Truth and Meaning. Categories of Logical Analysis

2018 година
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ФИЛОСОФИЯ НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCATION ГОДИНА XXVII / VOLUME 27, 2018 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ / ANNUAL CONTENTS

СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 120 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 121 – 224 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 225 – 336 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 337 – 456

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УВАЖАЕМИ ЧИТАТЕЛИ,

През октомври 2016 г. компанията Clarivate Analytics откупува цялата интелектуална соб- ственост и търговските дейности, свързани с науката, на световноизвестния медиен гигант Thomson Reuters. Сред най-ценните продукти на тази придобивка е Web of Science – прес- тижната световна система за анализ и оцен- ка на въздействието на научните публикации в глобален план. Амбицията на Clarivate е да превърне Web of Science в още по-ефектив- на платформа, чрез която да се стимулир

БОЛКАТА КАТО РАЗБУЛВАНЕ

Лазар Копринаров

В ОБУВКИТЕ НА ДЕТЕ

Христо Симеонов

2017 година
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SHERRY BY ELIANE LIMA

(USA, 24 m. 2017)

ФИЛОСОФИЯ НАУЧНО СПИСАНИЕ BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCATION ГОДИНА XXVI / VOLUME 26, 2017 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ / ANNUAL CONTENTS

СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 120 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 121 – 240 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 241 – 352 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 353 – 480

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ВОЛЯ ЗА САМОТА

Жан Либи

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МЕТАКРИТИКА

Йохан Георг Хаман

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УВАЖАЕМИ ЧИТАТЕЛИ,

През миналата година списание „Фило- софия“ навърши 25 години – четвърт век не просто присъствие в съвременната културна среда, а активно участие в опознаването на непредсказуемо развиващия се свят, в сътво- ряването на смисъл и отстояването на свето- гледни принципи. Стотиците наши автори и хилядите ни читатели се превърнаха в устой- чива общност от съмишленици, които активно общуваха помежду си чрез страниците на лю- бимото ни списание в търсене на ценн

2016 година
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АВТОНОМИЯ И МОРАЛ

Веселина Славова

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МОРAЛНАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ

Димитър Богданов

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ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛНОТО СЪЗНАНИЕ VERSUS ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГИЧНОТО НЕСЪЗНАВАНО

(Национална конференция по случай 160 години от рождението на Зигмунд Фройд)

ТЕМАТИЗАЦИИТЕ НА ДРУГОСТТА В БИОГРАФИЧНИЯ ПРОЕКТ – ОТ СРЕЩИТЕ В ЕЖЕДНЕВИЕТО ДО СБЛЪСЪКА СЪС СМЪРТТА

Градев, Д., Маринов, А., Карабельова, С. и др. (2015). Другите в биографията на личността. София: УИ „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2015, ISBN: 9789540740324, с. 256.

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УВАЖАЕМИ ЧИТАТЕЛИ,

Измина още една година, през която заедно търсихме отговорите на сложни философски въпроси, съпреживявахме съмненията и тре- петите на нашите нови и на познати автори, споделяхме техните умозаключения или опо- нирахме на изводите им и така взаимно обо- гатявахме знанията си. Увеличеният тираж и разнообразната тематика на публикуваните текстове повишиха значително интереса към списанието, което е видно и от удвоения брой абонати. През изтеклата година п

ТОПИКА НА АПРИОРНОТО

Силвия Кръстева

2015 година
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ИЗБОР И СВОБОДА

Ангел С. Стефанов

ИЗБОРЪТ НА НОВИЯ HOMO CREABILIS

Таня Желязкова – Тея

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НИКОЛАЙ ХАРТМАН И ПЪТЯТ СЛЕД ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗМА

Димитър Цацов „Забравеният“ философ. Традициите на презентацио- низма и приносът на Николай Хартман. София, Изд. „Пропелер“, 2014 г., ISBN 978-954-392-282-6, 186 с.

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ЕРОСЪТ И ВЪЗВИШЕНОТО

Невена Крумова

МОДА И ВРЕМЕ

(към една антропология на обличането)

ФИЛОСОФИЯ НА ФИЛМА

Томас Вартенберг

DYING AND DEATH IN 18

Olga Gradinaru

ЗА ФРЕНСКАТА ФИЛОСОФИЯ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Нина Димитрова Появилата се наскоро антология Френската философия в българската фи- лософска култура успешно изпълнява амбициозната задача да издири мно- жеството свидетелства – статии, студии и монографии, за присъствието на френското културно влияние у нас в един значителен исторически период – от Възраждането до наши дни. Самото възвестяване на тази задача впечатля- ва. Доколкото също притежавам немалък опит в „ровенето“ на пръснатите по хуманитарната ни книжнина текстов

2014 година
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БЪЛГАРСКИЯТ ZEITGEIST

Камелия Жабилова

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МАРКС ПИШЕ ПИСМО ДО МАРКС

Райнхард Маркс Биографични данни за автора: Кардинал Райнхард Маркс (Reinhard Marx) е роден през 1953 г. в Ге-

ПРОЕКТ E-MEDIEVALIA

Татяна Славова

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СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ И РЕАЛНОСТ

Станислав Пандин

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2013 година
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ПРОПОЗИЦИОНАЛНИ ВЪПРОСИ

Светла Йорданова

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СЪЗНАНИЕ И ВРЕМЕ

Александър Андонов

„ВЪЗПЯВАМ ЕЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОТО ТЯЛО“

Анета Карагеоргиева

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ПАРМЕНИД И МИТЪТ ЗА ФАЕТОН

Георги Апостолов

IBN SINA – GREAT ISLAMIC THINKER

Tursun Gabitov, Maral Botaeva

ДЗЕН – ПЪТЯТ НА ХАРМОНИЯТА

Светлин Одаджиев

ПРИСЪДА И СЪДБА

Стоян Асенов

2012 година
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ИДЕЯТА НА КСЕНОФАН ЗА ЕДИННОТО

Станислава Миленкова

ФИЛОСОФИЯ

EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL

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ФИЛОСОФЪТ НА КЛАСИКАТА

Борис Борисов Поводът за настоящия текст е новата книга на проф. д.ф.н. Валентин Ка- навров, озаглавена „Пътища на метафизиката. Кант и Хайдегер“ . Тя пред- ставлява финалната трета част от теоретичната трилогия на проф. Канавров, включваща още двете поредни монографии „Критическата метафизика на Кант. Опит за виртуалистки трансцендентализъм“ и „Критически онтологеми на духовността“. Ще поставя началото на рецензията с няколко думи за личността на авто- ра, доколкото дори най-абстра