Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2020/3, стр. 381 - 397

THE DAY OF THE INDUCTANCE: PROBLEMS OF THE 7

Резюме:

Ключови думи:

1)Todor M. Mishonov, 3)Riste Popeski-Dimovski, 3)Leonora Velkoska, 4)Iglika M. Dimitrova, 1)Vassil N. Gourev, 2)Aleksander P. Petkov, 2)Emil G. Petkov, 2)Albert M. Varonov 1)University of Sofia (Bulgaria)

2)Institute of Solid State Physics – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria)

3)University of Skopje (North Macedonia)

4)University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy (Bulgaria)

Introduction

From its very beginning, the Experimental Physics Olympiad (EPO) is worldwide known; all Olympiad problems have been published in Internet (Yordanov et al., 2015; 2016; Gourev et al., 2016; Manolev et al., 2016; Mishonov et al., 2017a; 2018) and from the very beginning there were 120 participants. In the last years high-school students from 10 countries participated and the distance between the most distant cities is more than 4 Mm.

Let us describe the main differences between EPO and other similar competitions: (1) Each participant in EPO receives as a gift from the organizers the set-up, which one worked with. So, after the Olympiad has finished, even bad performed participant is able to repeat the experiment and reach the level of the champion. In this way, the Olympiad directly affects the teaching level in the whole world. After the end of the school year, the set-up remains in the school, where the participant has studied; (2) Each of the problems is original and is connected to fundamental physics or the understanding of the operation of a technical patent; (3) The Olympic idea is realized in EPO in its initial from and everyone willing to participate from around the world can do that. There is no limit in the participants’ number; (4) On the other hand, the similarity with other Olympiads is that the problems are direct illustration of the study material and alongside with other similar competitions mitigates the secondary education degradation, which is a world tendency; (5) One and the same experimental set-up is given to all participants but the tasks are different for the different age groups, the same as the swimming pool water is equally wet for all age groups in a swimming competition; (6) One of the most important goals of the Olympiad is the student to repeat the experiment at home and to analyze the theory necessary for the understanding. In this way any even badly performed motivated participant has the possibility to be introduced to the corresponding physics field, even though there is no physics classroom in his/her school, even though the physics education in his/her country to be deliberately destroyed.

We will briefly mention the problems of former 6 EPOs: (i) the setup of EPO1 was actually a student version of the American patent for auto-zero and chopper stabilized direct current amplifiers (Yordanov et al., 2015). It was notable that many students were able to understand the operation of an American patent without special preparation (Goldberg & Jules, 1954); (ii) The problem of EPO2 (Gourev et al., 2016) was to measure Planck constant by diffraction of a LED light by a compact disk; (iii) A contemporary realization of the assigned to NASA patent for the use of negative impedance converter for generation of voltage oscillations was the set-up of EPO3 (Manolev et al., 2016); (iv) EPO4 (Yordanov et al., 2016) was devoted to the fundamental physics – to determine the speed of light by measuring electric and magnetic forces. The innovative element was the application of the catastrophe theory in the analysis of the stability of a pendulum; (v) The topic of the EPO5 (Mishonov et al., 2018a) was to measure the Boltzmann constant kB following the Einstein idea of study thermal fluctuations of electric voltage of a capacitor; (vi) The EPO6 (Mishonov et al., 2017a) problem can be considered as a continuation of the previous Olympiad. With a similar electronic circuit Schottky noise is measured and his idea for the determination of the electron charge is realized. Each problem given at EPO can be considered as a dissertation in methodology of physics education.

In short, the established tradition is a balance between contemporary working technical inventions and fundamental physics.

The EPO problems are meant for high school and university students but are posed by teachers with co authorship with colleagues working in universities or scientific institutes. For colleagues interested in new author’s problems for the needs of the contemporary physics education we share our experience in the description of the experimental set-ups described at a university level. These are for instance: The determination of the Planck constant without light but only with electronic processes study (Damyanov et al., 2015); this set-up requires the usage of an oscilloscope but in some countries the oscilloscopes are available in the high school physics labs and the prices of the former is constantly going down. The speed of the light without the usage of scales or high frequency equipment is another innovative set-up (Mishonov et al., 2017b) for high school education. And the idea for this experiment is given by our teacher in electrodynamics Maxwell.

In the physics curriculum in all countries it is mentioned that the temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of the gas molecules but the Boltzmann constant kB that gives the relation between energy and temperature is not measured in high school and even rarely in the best universities. The experimental set-up for kB by the method proposed by Einstein (the EPO5 problem) is described (Mishonov et al., 2019) as a set-up for university school lab exercise in an impact factor journal. But what larger impact an experimental set-up that is used by high school students from Kazakhstan and Macedonia and the surrounding countries can have. More than 100 set-ups were distributed around the world.

Similar thoughts can be expressed for the electron charge qe . This fundamental constant is also mentioned in the high school education as a humanitarian incantation but is not measured. We broke this tradition and described an experimental set-up (from EPO6) in Mishonov et al. (2018b). This set-up can be built for a week in every high school. The Schottky idea for determination of the electron charge by measuring voltage fluctuations is used. From the idea to the realization more than 100 years have passed and one of the reasons is that in many countries the largest enemy of the education is the ministry of education. The mission of the physics teachers in the worldwide progress is evident – precisely our science reshaped the world in the last century. Successful innovative EPO set-ups after some update can be manufactured by companies specialized in production of educational equipment like TeachSpin,1) for instance.

The translation of present text in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian and Serbian can be found in the auxiliary folder of the source files;2) the corresponding text files have to be downloaded and compiled together with files of the figures. In the same folder can be fond the scanned work of the absolute champion Dimitar Jorlev.

Olympiad experimental problems

The circuit of the experimental set-up for measurement of inductance by a bridge described by Maxwell is shown in Fig. 1 and a photograph of the set-up you have to put together to measure the given in the set inductance by the equation

L = CRCRL(1).

The inductance itself is implemented by integral circuits that are powered with 9 V batteries and is connected to the bridge with two other of the given cables (Fig. 2). At connecting the batteries, you should be careful the orange label to be set against an orange label, at wrong polarity the used integral circuits (operational amplifiers) burn!

The resistance RC from the down side of the bridge is fixed. You have to use resistances from the given set for the different measurements. For resistance RL from the upper side of the bridge use the given potentiometer.

Attach the capacitor C with nominal capacity 10 μF, its more accurate measured value is written in μF, on the downright branch of the bridge.

For a source of voltage use the cables reaching your working place, at repeating the experiment at home use a transformer and a voltage divider so that the voltage to be less than 5 V at frequency f ≤ 60 Hz. If you have only an ordinary multimeter, switch it to the smallest constant voltage (DC), 200 mV for instance. If you have a precise voltmeter for alternating voltage (AC), the bridge balance i.e. the minimizing of the voltage Uud between the up (u) and down (d) pins the bridge may be executed with mV precision.

Figure 1. Maxwell bridge for inductance measurement L at known capacitor capacity C, resistor resistance RC and measured potentiometer resistance RL. The external voltage U with frequency f=ω/2π is applied between the pins (l) and (r). By rotating the potentiometer axis the voltage Uud between the pins (u) and (d) is minimized. To improve the bridge balance, switch the voltmeter to maximum precision. At the end measure the potentiometer resistance and use Eq. (1). When disconnecting the potentiometer, be careful not to touch its axis

Figure 2. A photograph of the experimental set-up presented schematically in Fig. 1. In the initial problem for category (M) the inductance (up left) is replaced by a resistor R1, and the capacitor (down right) with R3. The given resistor set is in the small plastic bag. Let the resistor down left to be with the largest resistance R4 initially. Confer Fig. 3 where R1=Z1, R3=Z3 and R4=Z4 capital letters denote place

in the bridge schematics. The wires of the external voltage applied to the bridge horizontally between the pins (l) and (r) are also seen. The balance of the bridge is accomplished by minimizing the vertical voltage between the pins (u) and (d)

In short, at fixed RC you change RL to minimize Uud or its fluctuations (random values around the average) if you use DC voltmeter and determine how many Henry (H) the given inductance L is. The main criterion for the evaluation of your work at the Olympiad is the reliability of the determination of the inductance L. If you have an idea how to accomplish this measurement work and describe the result from your measurement without reading the additional guiding text. We do not need humanitarian text, we will examine your protocol for clearly made tables, graphs and result from the measurement. The theoretical problems are given with the purpose to check the understanding of what is measured in cases of equal quality in experiment.

We expect a larger part of the participants to have modest practice in conducting measurements and experimental data processing. That is why we offer a series of experiments, which are accessible for the youngest participants in category (S).

Initial easy tasks S

1.Turn on the multimeter as a DCV and measure the voltages of the given 9 V batteries. Such batteries are inside your multimeters, too.

2. Turn on the incoming to you alternating voltage to the left (l) and the right (r) pins of the bridge from the set-up. Turn on the multimeter as an ACV voltmeter and measure this alternating voltage U between these two pins, using the “crocodile” cables “biting” the remaining free pins. This voltage has already been applied between the left (l) and the right (r) pins of the bridge, which you have to balanced using a potentiometer.

3. Turn on the multimeter as an ohmmeter (Ω), measure the range of the tiometer, i.e. what resistances you can have by rotating its axis, given potenpotR(Rmin,Rmax).andwritedown

4. With maximum accuracy measure the given resistors ir, i=1, …

the results in a table. 5. How many mV is the difference between V and V?

Tasks M

Take three resistors from your set, for instance the smallest ones r,r12 and r3. Mount them on the given bridge by twisting their electrodes. Schematically this is presented in Fig. 3, as Z1=r1 (up left, middle 2 holes), Z3=r2 (down right, connects two triple board connectors), Z4=r3 (down left, middle 2 holes). Let us repeat: in the three quadruple board connectors the electrodes have to be connected in the 2 middle holes. The outer holes should be connected with the Π- shaped jumper wires given in the set.

Figure 3. Wheatstone bridge for resistance measurements by bridge balance. When the voltage Uud is minimal by careful rotating the potentiometer Z2 axis, we say that the bridge is balanced. The resistors Z3 and Z4 are considered known. Usually the resistor Z1 is determined by the condition Z1 = Z2 Z4/Z3

6. Follow in Fig. 2 how the 7 Π-shaped jumper wires should be mounted on the bridge. Mount them and imagine that a closed circuit should be accomplished.

7. For resistor Z2 = Rpot connect the given potentiometer using 2 of the given cables, see the photograph in Fig. 3. Use the middle holes of the board connector on the upper right.

8. Turn on a multimeter as an alternating-current voltmeter (ACV). It should give the difference Uud between the voltages in the up (u) and the down (d) pins of the bridge.

9. Turn on the external volatge between the left (l) and the right (r) pins of the bridge. Turn on the potentiometer axis between the end positions and follow how Uud changes. Now, when you have a general idea for the interval of changes of U,ud

slowly rotate the potentiometer axis to minimize it. If Uud ≈ 0 it is stated that the voltage Uud is annulled and the bridge is balanced.

10. For this problem we do not have a sensitive galvanometer, but with a cheap multimeter only. When the bridge is approximately balanced, switch the multimeter as a direct current voltmeter (DCV) and try using its maximal sensitivity in the range of 200 mV. When an alternating voltage is applied to the digital voltmeter for constant voltage, a random voltage from the interrupted sinusoid remains in the capacitors of the averaging circuit (inside the multimeter). In this way, the digit on the display each second is different, but when the bridge is balanced the random values near the average (the fluctuations) are smaller. Try improving the balance of the bridge by very carefully rotating the potentiometer axis aiming to minimize the fluctuations on the voltmeter display. Follow the running digits and remember the minimal and maximal values of the voltage. This difference should be minimized at different positions of the potentiometer axis. In this way we simulate the operation of a sensitive and expensive galvanometer, which is rarely present operational in schools.

When you balance the bridge, be careful not to touch the potentiometer axis.

Disconnect the potentiometer and connect it to a multimeter in an ohmmeter Ω regime with maximum allowed precision and write down the potentiometer resistance Z2 = Rpot, taken out from the up right position of the bridge. The problem for bridge balancing with ohm resistances is central for the Olympiad because it illustrates an idea that can be realized in many other cases, for instance measurement of inductance which is the problem of the next category.

11. After you have measured the resistance of the potentiometer Z=R2 pot after you have balanced the bridge and you have previously measured the resistances placed in positions Z1, Z3, and Z4 calculate the ratios Z1/Z2, Z4/Z3, their difference Z1/Z2 Z4/Z3, and most importantly the dimensionless number

ε=ZZ12ZZ34. (2)

If you have time, replace the resistors, balance the bridge and repeat the measurements again. Use other resistors from the kit. Represent the results in a table.

Task L

After you finish the category (S) and (M) problems connect the 9 V batteries to the inductance L and measure it.

12. More precisely, connect the 9 V batteries to their holders (clips).

13. Now be careful, you can burn the integral circuit! Orange label towards orange label; connect the batteries to the three pins of the inductance.

14. The inductance itself connect to the bridge from Fig. 2 up left using the 2 middle holes of the 4-hole board connector. Use the remaining 2 of the 4 given cables.

15. The capacitor connect down right, see again Fig. 2, as it is not necessary to apply much force.

16. Connect the potentiometer up right, as in the tasks for category (M).

17. Connect a resistor down left with resistance closest as possible to 1k. Check whether there is anything forgotten and the bridge is a closed circuit.

18. Using the “crocodiles” connect a voltmeter between the pins (u) and (d). The multimeter initially has to be connected as an alternating current voltmeter ACV.

19. Rotate the potentiometer axis and try to minimize the voltage U.ud This is a comparatively easy task because the multimeters in the alternating-current voltage (ACV) mode have little precision and the bridge is approximately balanced.

20. Now, the most complex part of the problem follows, do not lose patience and do not discourage. These measurements may take an hour and require patience. Switch the multimeter as a direct current voltmeter (DCV). The suitable range you will find yourself. The voltage changes constantly (fluctuates) and has random values in some interval (Umin, Umax).

Carefully rotate the potentiometer axis, wait and see whether the difference |Umax Umin| has become less. The goal of the measurement is to minimize this difference, for which optimism, patience and a little chance are required.

21. When you finish with the measurement, carefully disconnect the potentiometer being careful not to touch its axis and measure the resistance R.pot After which the calculation of the inductance is a task for a calculator. If you have time, repeat the measurements using the remaining resistors from the given set up to the end of the Olympiad and again calculate the inductance L for each one of them. Here the experimental (the most important) problems of the Olympiad end. The theoretical problems follow, which give fewer points and are important at equal experimental achievements.

Theoretical problems

Bridge balance

22. A schematic of a bridge that is balanced in equilibrium, i.e. when a voltage U is applied to its left (l) and right (r) pins, the voltage difference between its up (u) and down (d) pins Uud = 0 is zero, is given in Fig. 3. Show that in these conditions we have equality between the relations of the resistances from the left and right side of the bridge

ZZ12ZZ43r== (3) .

Maxwell bridge balance

23. The Maxwell bridge for inductance measurement with alternating current is shown in Fig. 4. When between the pins (l) and (r) an alternating (time dependent t) voltage

U (t) =U0 sin(ωt + ϕ0 ),

(4)

where U0 is the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal, 0 is its initial phase and = 2f is the angular frequency. We can use the same condition for the bridge balance Eq. (3), but applied for frequency dependent resistances Z(), which we call impedances. For instance, for the circuit shown in Fig. 4 we have real impedances

Z2 = RL = Rpot, Z4 = RC(5) ,

confer Fig. 3. For our set-up R C is a metal layered resistor with fixed resistance and RL is a potentiometer whose middle electrode (leg) should be used. For the other two branches of the bridge we should use the impedances of the inductances Z1 = ZL and the capacity Z 3 = ZC, for which we have the general formulae

,jLZLω=.jCZCω=(6)1

Figure 4. Wien modification for the Maxwell bridge. The voltage is applied between the pins (l) and (r) and when the voltage between the pins (u) and (d) is negligible, it is stated that the bridge is balanced and the balance

conditions are L/C= R L RC =R Rϛ.

In our treatment it is not necessary to use j = –1/j and j2 = –1. Derive Eq. (1) for the inductance determination at known capacity C and resistances RC and RL from the Maxwell bridge. Illustrate the formulae with numerical example from a measurement of yours.

General impedance converter, GIC

The circuit of the general impedance converter3) is shown in Fig. 5. On the left schematic with triangles are denoted operational amplifiers that create such an exit current from the triangle vertices that the potentials denoted with (+) and (–) on their sides are equaled. The batteries powering these operational amplifiers are also shown on the left figure. On the right schematic these insignificant details are omitted. The points with equaled potential are substituted with wires. The power supply is also missing, the exit currents from the triangle vertices are represented as external currents incoming in the circuit.

The batteries, capacitors and the word operational amplifier are shown only to discourage the uncertain in themselves students. For the same reason instead of a resistor, we use the word impedance, but the formulae are the same. And the problem is much simpler than problems given in algebra homework. When applying Ohm’s law for the impedances Z1, Z2, Z3 , Z4 and Z5, find the relation Z U/I between the input voltage U and the input current I shown in the schematic.

Instructions: Let us repeat the general rule for the exit current from the operational amplifiers: from the triangle vertices such a current flow out that the potentials at the points (+) and (–) on their vertical sides are equaled. For instance, the current IL flowing out from the vertex of the left triangle equals the potentials in the points (3) and (5), i.e. U3 = U5. The currents flowing in the points (–) of both triangles are negligible and this leads to equality between the currents flowing through the impedances Z3 and Z4, i.e. I3 = I4. Analogously, the zero current flowing in the (+) input of the left triangle according to Kirchoff’s law for the charge conservation leads to the equality I1 = I2. For the potential at the point (B) it is convenient to choose U0 = 0 (this point is grounded). For the other input point of the circuit (A) for uniformity we choose the notions U5 = U.

Answer:

ZUI=ZZ1Z2Z3Z45 (7),

do the derivation!

Figure 5. General impedance converter, GIC.3) Left: The GIC schematic used for the inductance from the experimental set-up of the problem. The power supplies with 9 V batteries of the operational amplifiers and the capacitors parallelly connected to the batteries are shown. From the triangles vertices currents flow out so that the potentials of their voltage inputs (+) and (–) become equal. Both operational amplifiers are made on an integral circuit and are packaged in a standard package in 8 electrodes. Right: An effective circuit that alleviates the analysis. The operational amplifiers and their power supply are removed. The currents LI and IR flowing out from the operational amplifiers are presented as external. Fictitious conductors between the points whose potentials are equaled by the operational amplifiers U=U53 and U3 = U1 are drawn. It is shown that

through these fictitious wires current does not flow. Ohm’s law is applied for the impedances Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4and Z5 and the formulae are the same, if these are resistors only. The problem is the impedance to be calculated, i.e. the relation Z = U/I between the voltage U between the points (A) and (B) and the current, which flows between these electrodes.

The variables in this problem are independent from the same from the other sections.

Homework problem: general formula for the general impedance converter XL

25. General setup. At difficulty level this problem corresponds to student level but every high school student with practice in algebra can perform the derivation in a day.Introduction: The equaling of the potentials at the input of the operational amplifier is only a low frequency approximation known as golden rule for the operational amplifiers. In the general case we have the relation between the input and output voltages (Mishonov et al., 2019):

U +UU0, α(ω)=sτ0+G10,s j ω,f021π0 (8) ,

where U+ and Uare the operational amplifier input voltages, U0 is the output voltage, G0 is a large number, so that frequently 1/G0is negligible, ω is the frequency of the alternating electric field and τ0 is a small constant with time dimensionality, which is parameterized with the frequency f0 called crossover frequency of the corresponding operational amplifiers. In our case we have

U1 U3U4, U5U3 = βU2. ...... .....(9)

For a double operational amplifier α β.

Problem: Eq. (7) is derived assuming that α = β = 0. For applications in electronics it is necessary the general dependence of the impedance of the converter Z(Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5; α, β) to be derived. Perform the corresponding calculations and check that your function satisfies the condition

lim0βZ(Z1,Z2α,0 , Z3,Z4,Z5; α,β)=ZZ1Z2Z3Z45 . (10)

In short: derive the frequency dependence of the impedance of the general impedance converter using the general equation for the operational amplifiers.

Instruction. You can use Internet, you can consult professors in physics and electronics anywhere in the world, you can work together. At the end like a scientific article describe how this result has been obtained, who you are grateful for the consultation, which books or articles you have used or which websites you have visited. Check whether this problem has not been solved somewhere and give citations of the article that you have remade in your derivation.

Problems for futher work

26. One of the Olympiad goals is the participants to learn more about the corresponding physics section. Search literature how different inductances and capacitors are made, what technical solutions there are, what technology is used, what elements are commercially available to you and think what you are able to do on your own.

27. The main goal of the Olympiad is to repeat the experiment at home or in the physics classroom in your school. Ask your physics teacher whether he/she can give you an alternating voltage generator and an AC voltmeter for measurement of small alternating voltages to work with. We recommend the voltage U applied to the bridge between the points (l) and (r) to be less than 2 V and the frequency below 20 Hz.

28. Search in Internet in which countries commercial educational equipment illustrating the impedance measurement with bridges is used.

29 If you do not have a voltage generator, use the power supply frequency from 50 Hz (or 60) but in this case you should use a secure transformer. Turn to your parents. The voltage which you can use should mandatory be below 36 V; larger voltages are life threatening and are forbidden for usage in high school education! But for your set-up voltages larger than the power supply voltage of the 9 V batteries are dangerous for the operational amplifiers. We recommend that voltages larger than 6 V not to be applied to the bridge. The art of the experimenter is to measure weak signals. In short, measure again the given inductance. Compare your results with the measurements of specialized devices for measurements of inductances; look for physics colleagues for assistance.

30. Another goal of the Olympiad is to learn to understand physical and technical articles.4)

Systematic description of the electronic instruments and measurement techniques is given in the monograph by Mazda (1987). A pedagogical description of bridges in electronics at students level is available5), while for a latest work in the field of electronic measurement see the paper by Pop (2020).

Figure 6. The gyrator6) is the most well-known circuit for simulation of inductance without coils and diamagnetic core and only with two resistors RR, a capacitor C an operational amplifier, whose exit current equals the potentials of the

voltage inputs (+) and (-), see Eq. (11)

The circuit of the so-called gyrator6) is shown in Fig. 6. Use your knowledge that you have acquired at the analysis of the theoretical problems at the Olympiad and derive the approximate formula for the impedance of the gyrator

ZgUIR1λjjRRCRC R jLg, Lg RRC, RC1,RR,LR RC(11).

This is another way for making of large inductances but unlike the inductance made by GIC, the inductance of the gyrator has larger ohmic resistance.

31. Think about how the inductance from the Olympiad set-up can be connected in a high quality resonance contour. This would be a very good development for the international competition “Devices for the physics classroom”.7)

32. Send to the address of the Olympiad your responses, recommendations, criticism and suggestions, which you think would help the EPO7 organizers next year at the same time!

33. When horizontally to the bridge a constant voltage from batteries is applied, only resistors should be used and the voltmeter should be switched to the maximal precision for constant voltage. Prepare your co-students for a demonstration of a Wheatstone bridge balancing.

34 Turn to your teacher or a colleague physicist and if one has a LCR-meter ask him/ her to show you how the inductance and the capacitance from the set-up are measured. Check the precision of the method in which no specialized devices are used but only a universal multimeter.

35. The notion inductance is frequently used in the high school courses in physics. Check in which countries there is a lab exercise in inductance measurement.

36. Take the inductance and the capacitance in your pocket, enter an electronics store as a buyer and measure for two minutes these 2 parameters L and C. What is the precision you achieved at the Olympiad?

37. Invent a technical application of our inductivity and implement it.

38. A task for the youngest ones from category (S). The measurement of the inductance is itself quite simple. Rotate a potentiometer axis until voltage is minimized. Ask a senior co-student or a teacher to connect the circuit for you and you to make the measurement and the inductance calculation. Later, when you study what inductance is you will much better understand the new material.

39. At the website of the organizers, the best works are published scanned. Repeat the experiment carefully and enjoying yourself describe the experiment even better. The main goal of the Experimental Physics Olympiad is to prepare you for further work. For a beginning reach the level of the EPO7 champion. We wish you success.

Epilog

During EPO7, hundred students tried to measure the inductance of a GIC using a modified Maxwell bridge setup. Of them, more than thirty managed to get some kind of a result, and around twenty of them measured the inductance within the expected value. The absolute champion measured his inductance within one significant digit and solved the theoretical problem of the Olympiad. This year a new country joined the Olympiad. Six students from Montenegro took part and received two prizes. With this the greatest town distance of the Olympiad is from Podgorica, Montenegro to NurSultan in Kazakhstan.

All in all, this Olympiad was a worthy continuation of the now well established tradition that is slowly maturing towards its first big jubilee.

Here the organizers of EPO7 would like to acknowledge everyone who helped in the preparation of this wonderful competition including, our students who for several days had their lunch and dinner at the faculty: Sofija Jakimovska, Maja Koneva, Verica Mitrevska, Valentina Nikolikj; The president of the Society of Physicists of Macedonia, prof. Lambe Barandovski and Kemet Electronics – Macedonia for the supply of the operational parts. We would like also to thank to the friends of EPO – Peter Todorov, Martin Stoev, Nikola Serafimov, Victor Danchev and Aleksander Stefanov. The authors are especially grateful to Elena Boiadjieva for the indispensable help for this manuscript.

Appendix:

Inductance realized by a general impedance converter

This text is designated for colleagues designing principally new set-ups for the education. The following of the traces of the printed circuit board is a good starting lesson in electronics. The printed circuit board presented in Fig. 7 is a typical example how with modest resources the high school education can be significantly renewed.

The cheap highly technological products give the possibility for a significant price decrease of the educational experimental set-ups. Not a demonstration device in the physics classroom, but set-ups which all children from the class can simultaneously use in a random classroom.

We address the colleagues inventing new problems with a view towards the future. In the colleges of some countries oscilloscopes are used for a long time and their prices constantly go down. It is quite realistically in a few year oscilloscopes to be used at the Experimental Physics Olympiad. For low frequencies, the computers themselves can be used as oscilloscopes and this has widely entered the education. Let us consider what principally new problems can be solved in this process of democratization of the high technology.

Figure 7. A drawing of the printed circuit board through which the inductance of the set-up schematically shown in Fig. 5 is made. The wider traces are the power supply and the grounding (the middle point from the 3 ones is with zero potential UCOM=0). To these 3 points 3 pins are soldered to which a board connector with the conductors coming from the batteries is connected. The ground is at the same time one of the inputs of the general impedance converter (GIC) through which the inductance from the EPO7 set-up is realized. The most important GIC input is down to the right where the input voltage U is applied and the input current I enters. It is easily seen the place of the large capacitor Z2=1/jC. The small capacitors are between the ground and the power supply voltages. The resistor r3 is under the 8 electrodes on which the socket of the operational amplifier AD7128) is soldered. The resistor r1 is placed vertically on the left. On the right r4 is vertical and r5 is

mounted horizontally.

NOTES

1. https://www.teachspin.com/

2. arXiv:1912.07368

3. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN86205529U/en

4. https://www.ietlabs.com/pdf/GenRad_History/A_History_of_Z_Measurement. pdf

5. https://www.bengalstudents.com/contents/AC%20Bridges%20for%20Electrical%20Measurement

6. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3493901.

7. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/

8. https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD712.pdf

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Goldberg, E.A. & Jules, L. (1954). Stabilized direct current amplifier. Patent US2684999A.

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Mishonov, T.M., Petkov, E.G., Mihailova, N.Z., Stefanov, A.A., Dimitrova, I.M., Gourev, V.N., Serafimov, N.S., Danchev, V.I., & Varonov, A.M. (2018b). Simple do-it-yourself experimental set-up for electron charge qe measurement. Eur. J. Phys., 39, art.no. 065202.

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Mishonov, T.M., Danchev, V.I., Petkov, E.G., Gourev, V.N., Dimitrova, I.M., Serafimov, N.S., Stefanov, A.A. & Varonov, A.M. (2019b). Master equation for operational amplifiers: stability of negative differential converters, crossover frequency and pass-bandwidth. J. Phys. Comm., 3, art. no. 035004.

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На 20 декември 2017 г. Общото събрание на Организацията на обединени- те нации (ООН), на своята 72-ра сесия, прокламира годината 2019 за „Между- народна година на Периодичната таблица на химичните елементи“ (IYPT 2019). Съгласно представите на Томас Кун раз- витието на „нормалната наука“ става на основата на малък брой основополагащи научни резултати, наречени „научни пара- дигми“. За химията научните парадигми са три: (1) откриването на кислорода от Лавоазие; (

A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

СЕМИНАР-ПРАКТИКУМЪТ В НЕФОРМАЛНОТО ОБУЧЕНИЕ – ВЪЗМОЖНОСТ И РАЗВИТИЕ НА УМЕНИЯ И ТВОРЧЕСТВО ПРЕЗ ПРИЗМАТА НА ФИЗИКАТА

Асен Пашов, Снежана Йорданова-Дюлгерова, Бонка Караиванова-Долчинкова, Руска Драганова-Христова

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF M Zn(TeО )

Kenzhebek T. Rustembekov, Mitko Stoev, Aitolkyn A. Toibek

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDY OF BSCCO (2212) CUPRATE CERAMIC ADDITIVE TO THE ZINC ELECTRODE IN Ni-Zn BATTERIES

A. Vasev, P. Lilov, G. Ivanova, Y. Marinov, A. Stoyanova, V. Mikli, A. Stoyanova-Ivanova

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE SCHIFF BASES A ND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-TYROSINASE AND DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES

Maya Chochkova, Boyka Stoykova, Iva Romanova, Petranka Petrova, Iva Tsvetkova, Hristo Najdenski, Lubomira Nikolaeva- Glomb, Nadya Nikolova, Galya Ivanova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, Ivan Nemec

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

CHEMISTRY: BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО VOLUME 27 / ГОДИНА XXVII, 2018 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 313 – 472 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 473 – 632 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 633 – 792 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 793 – 952 КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА

(South Africa), A. Ali, M. Bashir (Pakistan) 266 – 278: j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)fx and nd1 Configurations and Correlation with L-S Terms / P. L. Meena (India) 760 – 770: Methyl, тhe Smallest Alkyl Group with Stunning Effects / S. Moulay 771 – 776: The Fourth State of Matter / R. Tsekov

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕ НА ФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУ КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISE RECORDED BY A MOBILE DEVICE THROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

H O O H H H C H 104.45° 108.9° H A B

Figure 1. A – Water; B – Methanol Indeed, the literature survey reveals a trove of reports on methylation of such molecules and the effects of thus-tethered methyl groups were illustrated (Barreiro et al., 2011). An astounding fact is the link between the methyl group in methylated DNA and the cancer development (Newberne & Rogers, 1986; Wajed et al., 2001); methylation of biological molecules contributes to the regulation of gene expression and protein function, and RNA proces

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА СЪДЪРЖАЩИТЕ СЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕНИ РАДИОНУКЛИДИ В НЕВЕН И ЛАЙКА

Сияна Димова, Цветелина Стефанова, Йорданка Енева, Нина Архангелова

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, Й. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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PHYSICS IS AN EVER YOUNG SCIENCE

Temenuzhka Yovcheva

ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ТЪМНАТА МАТЕРИЯ В КЛАСНАТА СТАЯ

Симона Стоянова, Анета Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА СИСТЕМА ОТ УЧЕБНИ ИНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ПО ФИЗИКА И ОЦЕНКА НА ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАТА ИМ СТОЙНОСТ

Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

ИНОВАЦИИ В БОРБАТА С ТУМОРНИ ОБРАЗУВАНИЯ – ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧРЕЗ БРАХИТЕРАПИЯ

Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

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АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF UNKNOWNS: A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON 1D AND 2D

Vittorio Caprio, Andrew S. McLachlan, Oliver B. Sutcliffe, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

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ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF TiO NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

2017 година
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GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

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Списание „Просвета“ е орган на Просветния съюз в България. Списанието е излизало всеки месец без юли и август. Годишният том съдържа 1280 стра- ници. Списанието се издава от комитет, а главен редактор от 1935 до 1943 г. е проф. Петър Мутафчиев, историк византолог и специалист по средновеков-

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47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

JOURNALS OF INTEREST: A REVIEW (2016)

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION POLICY ISSN 1313-1958 (print) ISSN 1313-9118 (online) http://bjsep.org

INVESTIGATING THE ABILITY OF 8

Marina Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski

SYNTHESIS OF TiO -M (Cd, Co, Mn)

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRIMULA VERIS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

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Преди година-две заедно с директора на Националното издателство „Аз- буки“ д-р Надя Кантарева-Барух посетихме няколко училища в Родопите. В едно от тях ни посрещнаха в голямата учителска стая. По стените ѝ имаше големи портрети на видни педагози, а под тях – художествено написани умни мисли, които те по някакъв повод са казали. На централно място бе портретът на Антон Семьонович Макаренко (1888 – 1939). Попитах учителките кой е Макаренко – те посрещнаха въпроса ми с мълчание. А някога, в г

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„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni*, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

ОСНОВИ НА ОБЩАТА МЕТОДИКА ПО ЕСТЕСТВОЗНАНИЕ – 1925 Г.

Проф. Валериан Викторович Половцов (1862 – 1918)

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НАЦИОНАЛЕН КОНКУРС НА ФОНДАЦИЯ „ВИГОРИЯ“ – „С ЛЮБОВ КЪМ НАУКАТА“

Класирането на участниците в конкурса – учители и ученици, бе извър- шено от комисия в състав: проф. д.х.н. Борислав Тошев – председател; доц. д-р Свобода Бенева; Мария Петрова – учител по химия; Милка Джиджова – учител по физика; Наско Стаменов – химик в Националния политехнически музей, София. КЛАСИРАНЕ НА УЧИТЕЛИ – РЪКОВОДИТЕЛИ НА ДЕЙНОСТИТЕ НА СВОИ УЧЕНИЦИ Всички училища, които бяха подали заявка за участие в конкурса „С лю- бов към науката“, получиха предварително през ноември 201

OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

CHEMOMETRIC ASSISTED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE AND DOMEPERIDONE IN BULK AND COMMERCIAL DOSAGE FORM

Farheen Sami, Shahnaz Majeed, Tengku Azlan Shah Tengku Mohammed, Noor Fatin Amalina Kamaruddin, Mohammad Zulhimi Atan, Syed Amir Javid Bukhari, Namra, Bushra Hasan, Mohammed Tahir Ansari

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

АЛЕКСАНДЪР ПАНАЙОТОВ

Не много отдавна доц. д.п.н. Александър Панайотов бе удостоен с най- високата академична награда – Почетен знак със синя лента на Софийския

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ПРИРОДОНАУЧНАТА ГРАМОТНОСТ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ В НАЧАЛОТО НА XXI ВЕК – В ТЪРСЕНЕ НА КОНЦЕПТУАЛНО ЕДИНСТВО

Теодора Коларова, Иса Хаджиали, Мимия Докова, Веселин Александров

COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN- 4-YLAMINO)-PHENYL]-PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

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ASSESSING LEVELS OF CO , CO, NO AND SO

Shyqri Dumani, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

2016 година
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THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

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ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ ЛИЧНОСТТА НА УЧЕНИКА

Министерството на народното просвещение е направило допълне- ния към Правилника за гимназиите (ДВ, бр. 242 от 30 октомври 1941 г.), според които в бъдеще ще се оценяват следните прояви на учениците: (1) трудолюбие; (2) ред, точност и изпълнителност; (3) благовъзпитаност; (4) народностни прояви. Трудолюбието ще се оценява с бележките „образцово“, „добро“, „незадо- волително“. С „образцово“ ще се оценяват учениците, които с любов и по- стоянство извършват всяка възложена им ил

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VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

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ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

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Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

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Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

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ПО ПЪТЯ

Б. В. Тошев

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN CHEMISTRY

Stela Georgieva, Petar Todorov , Zlatina Genova, Petia Peneva

2015 година
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COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Nikoleta Ivanova, Yana Tsoneva, Nina Ilkova, Anela Ivanova

SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova , Gulay Ahmed , Michael Bredol , Stoyan Gutzov

INTERFACIAL REORGANIZATION OF MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES USED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

KINETICS OF THE OSMOTIC PROCESS AND THE POLARIZATION EFFECT

Boryan P. Radoev, Ivan L. Minkov, Emil D. Manev

WETTING BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL AND A SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTIC PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

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TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

IRANIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS

Zahra Eskandari, Nabi.A Ebrahimi Young Researchers & Elite Club, Arsanjan Branch,

APPLICATION OF LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS NONDESDUCTRIVE AND SAFE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS

Amir Hossein Farhadian, Masoud Kavosh Tehrani, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Seyyed Mohamad Reza Darbany, Mehran Karimi, Amir Hossein Rezayi Optics & Laser Science and Technology Research Center,

THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

Azadeh Ghasemizadeh, Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Alireza Nezamzade Ejhieh

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER’S WATER OF LUMBARDHI PEJA (KOSOVO)

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

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БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

Александър Панайотов

ТЕМАТА ВЪГЛЕХИДРАТИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Радка Томова, Елена Бояджиева, Миглена Славова , Мариан Николов

BILINGUAL COURSE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL

V. Kolarski, D. Marinkova, R. Raykova, D. Danalev, S. Terzieva

ХИМИЧНИЯТ ОПИТ – НАУКА И ЗАБАВА

Елица Чорбаджийска, Величка Димитрова, Магдалена Шекерлийска, Галина Бальова, Методийка Ангелова

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Здравка Костова

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SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Boyka Stoykova, Maya Chochkova, Galya Ivanova, Luchia Mukova, Nadya Nikolova, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavel Vojtíšek, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, David Havlíček

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS

Radoslav Chayrov, Vesela Veselinova, Vasilka Markova, Luchia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

NEW DERIVATIVES OF OSELTAMIVIR WITH BILE ACIDS

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MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

Maria Vakarelska-Popovska, Zhivko Velkov

LEU-ARG ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS, IR CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCKING STUDIES

Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tamara Pajpanova

MODIFIED QUECHERS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF METHOMYL, ALDICARB, CARBOFURAN AND PROPOXUR IN LIVER

I. Stoykova, T. Yankovska-Stefenova, L.Yotova, D. Danalev Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofi a, Bulgaria

LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AC 11S AS A BIOCATALYST IN MICROBIAL ELECYTOLYSIS CELL

Elitsa Chorbadzhiyska, Yolina Hubenova, Sophia Yankova, Dragomir Yankov, Mario Mitov

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K. B. Omarov, Z. B. Absat, S. K. Aldabergenova, A. B. Siyazova, N. J. Rakhimzhanova, Z. B. Sagindykova

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TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lilyana Nacheva-Skopalik, Milena Koleva

ФОРМИРАЩО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ PEER INSTRUCTION С ПОМОЩТА НА PLICКERS ТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА

Ивелина Коцева, Мая Гайдарова, Галина Ненчева

VAPOR PRESSURES OF 1-BUTANOL OVER WIDE RANGE OF THEMPERATURES

Javid Safarov, Bahruz Ahmadov, Saleh Mirzayev, Astan Shahverdiyev, Egon Hassel

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РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

Огнян Димитров, Здравка Костова

NAMING OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova

НАЙДЕН НАЙДЕНОВ, 1929 – 2014 СПОМЕН ЗА ПРИЯТЕЛЯ

ИНЖ. НАЙДЕН ХРИСТОВ НАЙДЕНОВ, СЕКРЕТАР, НА СЪЮЗА НА ХИМИЦИТЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ (2.10.1929 – 25.10.2014)

2014 година
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145 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ

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ПАРНО НАЛЯГАНЕ НА РАЗТВОРИ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

LUBRICATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PENTAERYTHRITOL-OLEIC ACID REACTION PRODUCTS

Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani

THE ORIGINS OF SECONDARY AND TERTIARY GENERAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL VIEWS FROM THE 21ST CENTURY

V. Romanenko, G. Nikitina Academy of Information Technologies in Education, Russia

ALLELOPATHIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE SSP. VULGARE GROWING WILD IN BULGARIA

Asya Pencheva Dragoeva, Vanya Petrova Koleva, Zheni Dimitrova Nanova, Mariya Zhivkova Kaschieva, Irina Rumenova Yotova

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VOLUME 23 / ГОДИНА XXII, 2014 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1–160 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 161–320 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 321–480 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 481–640 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 641–800 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 801–960 ADVANCED SCIENCE 260 – 267: Х. Попова, Д. Петкова, В. Тончев – Генерична нестабилност в модела на дифузионно-контролирана агрегация (ДКА): Ефект на глобалните радиуси на пораждане и изоставане [Generic Instability in the Model of Diffusion-Lim

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GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Н.H.Petruchenia, M.I.Vorovka

МНОГОВАРИАЦИОННА СТАТИСТИЧЕСКА ОЦЕНКА НА DREEM – БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗПРИЕМАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА СРЕДА ОТ СТУДЕНТИТЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – СОФИЯ

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MUSSEL BIOADHESIVES: A TOP LESSON FROM NATURE

Saâd Moulay Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, Algeria

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ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

Силвия Боянова Професионална гимназия „Акад. Сергей П. Корольов“ – Дупница

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Надежда Райчева, Иван Капурдов, Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Снежана Томова

44

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

ДОЦ. Д.П.Н. АЛЕКСАНДЪР АТАНАСОВ ПАНАЙОТОВ

Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Надежда Райчева

COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM FOR STUDYING ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, L.I. Mironova

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted to this journal are considered if they have been submitted only to it, they have not been published already, nor are they under consideration for publication or in press elsewhere. Contributions to the Bulgarian Journal of Science Education must report original research and will be subjected to review by anonymous and independent referees at the discretion of the Editor(s). Manuscripts for consideration should be sent electronically to toshev@chem.uni-sofia.bg Electroni

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KNOWLEDGE OF AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS WATER IN 5

Antoaneta Angelacheva, Kalina Kamarska

ВИСША МАТЕМАТИКА ЗА УЧИТЕЛИ, УЧЕНИЦИ И СТУДЕНТИ: ДИФЕРЕНЦИАЛНО СМЯТАНЕ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ВАСИЛ ХРИСТОВ БОЗАРОВ

Пенка Бозарова, Здравка Костова

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ НА СТАТИИ ЗА МИСКОНЦЕПЦИИТЕ В ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ВЪВ ВСИЧКИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИ НИВА

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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SCIENTIX – OБЩНОСТ ЗА НАУЧНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ЕВРОПА

Свежина Димитрова Народна астрономическа обсерватория и планетариум „Николай Коперник“ – Варна

BOTYU ATANASSOV BOTEV

Zdravka Kostova, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted to this journal are considered if they have been submitted only to it, they have not been published already, nor are they under consideration for publication or in press elsewhere. Contributions to the Bulgarian Journal of Science Education must report original research and will be subjected to review by anonymous and independent referees at the discretion of the Editor(s). Manuscripts for consideration should be sent electronically to toshev@chem. uni-sofia.bg Elec

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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

Адриана Тафрова-Григорова

A COMMENTARY ON THE GENERATION OF AUDIENCE-ORIENTED EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Baldomero Herrera-González Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico

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2013 година
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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ШЕСТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА“

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: SOME RECENT PERIODICALS (2013)

Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education

45. НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

„Образователни стандарти и природонаучна грамотност“ – това е темата на състоялата се от 25 до 27 октомври 2013 г. в Габрово 45. Национална конфе- ренция на учителите по химия с международно участие, която по традиция се проведе комбинирано с Годишната конференция на Българското дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията. Изборът на темата е предизвикан от факта, че развиването на природонаучна грамотност е обща тенденция на реформите на учебните програми и главна

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ЗА ХИМИЯТА НА БИРАТА

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МЕТЕОРИТЪТ ОТ БЕЛОГРАДЧИК

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RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

Srihari Murthy Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, India

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS MODERATE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT

Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, Vicent Sanjosé Universitat de Valènciа, Spain

POLYMETALLIC COMPEXES: CV. SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC, XRD, MOLECULAR MODELLING AND POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMERIC COMPLEXES OF Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) AND Hg(II) WITH OCTADENTATE AZODYE LIGANDS

Bipin B. Mahapatra, S. N. Dehury, A. K. Sarangi, S. N. Chaulia G. M. Autonomous College, India Covt. College of Engineering Kalahandi, India DAV Junior College, India

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CELEBRATING 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR ELENA KIRKOVA

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SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

M.E.A. Mohammed, Ali Abeer, Fatima Elsamani, O.M. Elsheikh, Abdulrizak Hodow, O. Khamis Haji

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G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАДИКАЛ-УЛАВЯЩА СПОСОБНОСТ

Станислав Станимиров, Живко Велков

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COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

Vanessa BIANDA, Jos-Antonio CONSTENLA, Rolf HAUBRICHS, Pierre-Lonard ZAFFALON

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Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

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Рафаил ПОПОВ

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2012 година
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ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

Marina I. Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Bojan T. Šoptrajanov

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ПЕТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

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КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ROLE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES TO STUDY MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote Lokmanya Tilak Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Nilkanthrao Shinde College, INDIA

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IBUPROFEN AND RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING UV SPECTROPHOT O METRIC METHOD

Jadupati Malakar, Amit Kumar Nayak Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, INDIA

GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

РАДИОХИМИЯ И АРХЕОМЕТРИЯ: ПРО Ф. ДХН ИВЕЛИН КУЛЕВ RADIOCHEMISTRY AND ARCHEOMETRY: PROF. IVELIN KULEFF, DSc

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TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

Małgorzata Nodzyńska, Jan Rajmund Paśko

СЪСИРВАЩА СИСТЕМА НА КРЪВТА

Маша Радославова, Ася Драгоева

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Emil Lozanov

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1. Биология Студентите от специалност Биология придобиват знания и практически умения в областта на биологическите науки, като акцентът е поставен на организмово равнище. Те се подготвят да изследват биологията на организмите на клетъчно- организмово, популационно и екосистемно ниво в научно-функционален и прило- жен аспект, с оглед на провеждане на научно-изследователска, научно-приложна, производствена и педагогическа дейност. Чрез широк набор избираеми и факул- тативни курсове студентите

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MURPHY’S LAW IN CHEMISTRY

Milan D. Stojković

42

Донка Ташева, Пенка Цанова

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Семейството трябва да познава училишето и училишето трябва да познава семейството. Взаимното познанство се налага от обстоятелството, че те, макар и да са два различни по природата си фактори на възпитанието, преследват една и съща проста цел – младото поколение да бъде по-умно, по-нравствено, физически по-здраво и по-щастливо от старото – децата да бъдат по-щастливи от родителите