Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2017/5, стр. 773 - 784

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRIMULA VERIS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Резюме: The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and avonoid content of five different extracts (Et2O, CHCl3, EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O) of Primula veris (L.) growing wild in Kosovo were analyzed. Total phenolic and avonoid content were quantitatively determined to the Primula veris (L.) growing wild in North-Western part of Kosovo in two different altitude levels (670 m and 1200 m). The amount of total phenolics in Primula veris (L.) extracts ranged from 5.10 mg GAE/g d.e. in altitude 1200 m to 17.30 mg GAE/g d.e. in altitude 670 m. The amount of total avonoids in Primula veris (L.) extracts ranged from 12.15 mg RE/g d.e. in altitude 670 m to 31.43 mg GAE/g d.e. in altitude 1200 m. Free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) was evaluated by measuring the scavenging capacity of extracts on DPPH, NO as well as on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). EtOAc, n-BuOH and H2O extracts of Primula veris (L.) expressed very strong scavenger activity. On the other hand, Et2O and CHCl3 extracts showed much weaker effect in the neutralization of DPPH, NO and H2O2. The observed differences in antioxidant activity could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics and avonoids in extracts of Primula veris (L.). Hence, this plant can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals.

Ключови думи: Primula veris L.; extracts; phytochemical; antioxidant

Introduction

Oxidative compounds lead to the damage of biomolecules like DNA and RNA (Dastmalchi et al., 2007), which can further initiate the development of diseases such as ageing, atherosclerosis, lipofuscinosis, oxygen toxicity, cancer and liver injury (Iyer & Devi, 2009; Smerq & Sharma, 2011). Antioxidants are compounds which inhibit oxidation, and therefore are potential quenchers of free radicals or reactive oxygen species. A recent investigation shows that plant secondary metabolites are as potential antioxidants against various diseases, induced by free radicals due to presence of these phytochemicals (Hou et al., 2003). These antioxidants in plants also react with other organisms in the environment, inhibiting bacterial or fungal growth hence responsible for the antimicrobial activity of plants (Bruneton, 1995). These substances are considered as basis for developing new antimicrobial drugs as they inhibit pathogens and have little toxicity to host cells.

In the last years, interest in medicinal plants is more and more increasing, particularly using them as antibacterial agents. The reason for that is the growth of antibiotic resistance of bacteria against synthetic drugs (Gruenwald et al., 2000).

There are about 400 species included in the plant genus Primula. Phenolic glycosides and saponins are characteristic compounds for the genus Primula (Müller et al., 2006). Ten lipophilic flavones were isolated from Primula veris L. in vitro cultures (Budzianowski et al., 2005). Flavonoids have important effects in plant biochemistry and physiology, acting as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of toxic substances and have long been recognized to possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-proliferative and anti-carcinogenic activities as well as to affect some aspects of mammalian metabolism (Huck et al., 2000). Two new flavonol glycosides have been identified and isolated from Italian Primula species (Fico et al., 2007). Otherwise Primula veris L. has a potential anxiolytic activity (Sufka et al., 2001). Primula species can also contain allergens (Paulsen et al., 2006) and some species are used traditionally to treat epilepsy and convulsions (Jäger et al., 2006). Another Primula species has flavonoids that possessed strong cytostatic properties against HL 60 cells even at low concentrations (Tokalov et al., 2004).

Our research group was interested to analyze the chemical profile and biological activities of different medicinal plants, which are growing wild in the region of Kosovo and Albania (Haziri et al., 2009; 2010; 2013; 2017; Faiku & Haziri, 2013; 2015; Faiku et al., 2012; 2015; 2016). The aim of this research was to determine the quantity of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the different extracts from Primula veris (L.) growing wild in North-Western part of Kosovo.

Material and methods

Plant materials

The aerial parts of Primus veris (L.), growing in North-Western part of Kosovo, in two different altitudes (670 m and 1200 m) were collected on May 2016. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Plant protection, University of Prishtina. The plants were dried at room temperature.

Preparation of plant organic extracts

A portion of the finely powdered material (200 g) was extracted three times with 70% methanol (methanol, 4 L) during a 24-h period. After removal of methanol under reduced pressure, the aqueous phase was successively extracted with four solvents of increasing polarity, namely diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The extraction was carried out until a colorless extract was obtained. The residue was the aqueous extract. All five extracts (ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, water, n- butanol and chloroform) were evaporated to dryness and then dissolved in 50% ethanol to make 10% (w/v) solutions. These solutions, either as such or in diluted state, were used in subsequent experiments.

Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content

The amount of total phenolic contents in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically with the Folin Ciocalteu (FC) reagent using the method of Fukumoto & Mazza (2000) with small modifications (Bozin et al., 2008). The reaction mixture contained 1.0% dilution of examined extracts (100 μL), freshly prepared 0.2 mol/L FC reagent (2.5 mL) and 10% sodium carbonate solution (2 mL). The mixture was incubated in the dark at room temperature for 1 hour to complete the reaction. The absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 760 nm on a UV/VIS spectrophotometer using distilled water as the blank. The concentration of total phenolic contents was expressed in mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g dried extract (d.e.), using a standard curve of gallic acid (0.1-2.0 μg/mL). All measurements were replicated five times. Total flavonoid content in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to Zhishen et al. (1999), using a method based on the formation of a flavonoid-aluminium complex with an absorbance maximum at 430 nm. The examined extracts (1 mL) were mixed with 2% AlCl3 × 6H2O (0.5 mL). After incubation at room temperature for 30 min, the absorbance of the reaction mixtures was measured. The blank sample was a 1:1 mixture of the examined extracts and distilled water. Flavonoid content was expressed in μg rutin equivalent (RE) per g dried extract by using a standard curve of rutin (concentration range 0.5 – 6.0 μg/mL). All measurements were replicated five times.

Antioxidant activity- DPPH assay

The DPPH assay was performed as described previously (Blois, 1958; Sanchez-Moreno et al., 1998), following the transformation of the DPPH radical to its reduced, neutral form (DPPH-H). The samples of all extracts of Primula veris L. (from 2.50 to 50.00 μg/mL) were mixed with 90 μM DPPH• solution (1 mL) and made up with 95% methanol to a final volume of 4 mL. The absorbance of the resulting solutions was recorded spectrophotometrically at 515 nm after 1 h at room temperature, against the blank (with the same chemicals, except for the sample). The same procedure was repeated with tertbutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a positive control. For each sample five replicates were recorded.

Production of NO radicals was determined spectrophotometrically. NO radical generated from sodium-nitropruside (SNP) reacts with oxygen in water solution at a physiological pH to give nitrite ions. Concentration of nitrite anions was determined using the Griess reagent (Green et al., 1982; Babu et al., 2001). At room temperature nitrite ions react with the Griess reagent and form a purple complex. The samples of Primula veris L. extracts were investigated in concentrations of 2.50–50.00 μg/mL. The intensity of color, which is the function of the nitrite concentrations, was measured spectrophotometrically (λ = 546 nm). The absorbance of the resulting solutions and the blank (with the same chemicals, except for the sample) were recorded. For each sample, five replicates were recorded.

Scavenging activity on H2O2 was carried out according to the method of Ruch et al. (1989). A solution of H2O2 (40 mmol/L) was freshly prepared in 0.05 mol/L KH2PO4–K2HPO 4 phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The samples (from 2.50 to 50.00 μg/ mL) were mixed with phosphate buffer (3.4 mL) and 40 mmol/L H2O2 (0.6 mL). The absorbance of the resulting solutions and the blank (4.0 mL phosphate buffer) was detected spectrophotometrically at 230 nm. The percentage of RSC for each radical and H2O2 was calculated using the following equation:

RSC (%) = 100 × (Ablank − Asample ⁄ Ablank)

From the obtained RSC values, the IC50 values, which represented the concentrations of the examined extracts that caused 50% neutralization, were determined by linear regression analysis.

Results and discussion

Results of the amount of total phenolic contents and content of total flavonoids in Primula veris (L.) extracts are given in Table 1. The amount of total phenolics in Primula veris (L.) extracts ranged from 5.10 mg GAE/g d.e. (diethyl ether extract to 1200 m altitude) to 17.30 mg GAE/g d.e. (ethyl acetate extract to 670 m altitude). A significant amount of these compounds has also been observed in the HO2 extracts 12.23 mg GAE/g d.e. in altitude 670 m and 11.92 mg GAE/g d.e. in altitude 1200 m (Table 1).

Table 1. The amount of total phenolic contents and content of total flavonoids in Primula veris (L.) extracts

Altitude(m)Et2OCHCl3EtOAcn-BuOHH2O670Total phenolic content5.135.1617.309.0112.231200Total phenolic content5.105.9311.636.4411.92670Total avonoids content12.1515.3030.4214.5027.731200Total avonoids content14.1617.8231.4315.9128.20

Total phenolic content is expressed in mg GAE/g d.e.; Content of total flavonoids is expressed in μg RE/g d.e.

Furthermore, considerable total flavonoids content was determined in the water and ethyl acetate extracts of Primula veris (L.). Little less total flavonoids was determined in the n-butanol and in diethyl ether extracts. The amount of phenols and flavonoids of Primula veris (L.) growing wild in Kosovo is smaller comparing with the amount of phenols and flavonoids found in Primula veris (L.) growing wild in Serbia (Stojkovic, 2014). The amount of total phenolic contents and content of total flavonoids in Primula veris (L.) extracts were given in Fig. 1.

The antioxidant activity of Primula veris (L.) extracts has been evaluated in a series of in vitro tests. The DPPH radical is one of the most commonly used substrates for fast evaluation of antioxidant activity because of its stability (in radical form) and the simplicity of the assay. In the DPPH assay, the ability of the investigated extracts to act as donors of hydrogen atoms or electrons in transformation of DPPH into its reduced form DPPH-H was investigated (Table 2). All of the assessed extracts of Primula veris (L.) were able to reduce the stable, purple colored radical DPPH to the yellow-colored DPPHH form with IC50 (50% of reduction) values as follows: 9.45 μg/mL in altitude 670 m and 9.30 in altitude 1200 m for water, 12.10 μg/mL in altitude 670 m and 12.00 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m for ethyl acetate, 11.93 μg/mL in altitude 670 m and 14.24 μg/mL for n-butanol, 22.16 μg/mL in altitude 670 m and 23.62 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m for chloroform, and 30.14 μg/mL in altitude 670 m and 28.71 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m for diethyl ether extract. Comparison of the DPPH scavenging activity of the investigated Primula veris (L.) extracts with those expressed by BHT (11.17 μg/mL) showed that only the water and ethyl acetate extracts expressed stronger antioxidant effects. Comparing the DPPH activity of Primula veris (L.) extracts with the activity exhibited by BHA (9.79 μg/mL) and BHT (11.17 μg/mL), we found that only the water extract showed stronger antioxidant activity than BHA and BHT, but neither of the extracts showed better antioxidant properties than BHA and BHT. Comparing with the DPPH test results of total flavonoids content in the extracts (Table 2), it could be concluded that only in case of the ethyl acetate and water extracts of Primula veris (L.) there is some correlation between the DPPH scavenger activity and content of flavonoids.

Figure 1. The amount of total phenolic contents and content of total flavonoids in Primula veris (L.) extracts

An extremely strong neutralization of NO radicals is expressed by a number of the tested extracts of Primula veris (L.), such as water (IC50 = 7.86 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m) and ethyl acetate (IC50 = 10.11 μg/mL in altitude 670 m (Table 3). Only water extract exhibited stronger antioxidant effects than BHT. The effect of the water extract was closely to the action of BHA (7.16 μg/mL). The lowest antioxidant activity was expressed by the chloroform (IC50 = 23.16 μg/mL in altitude 670 m) and diethylether (IC50 = 22.12 μg/mL in altitude 670 m). The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of NO radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts is given in Fig. 3.

Table 2. IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of DPPH radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts

Altitude(m)Et2OCHCl3EtOAcn-BuOHH2OBHTBHA67030.1422.1612.1011.939.4511.179.79120028.7123.6212.0014.249.3011.179.79

The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of DPPH radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts were given in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of DPPH radical with

Primula veris (L.) extracts

Table 3. IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of NO radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts

Altitude (m)Et2OCHCl3EtOAcn-BuOHH2OBHTBHA67022.1223.1610.1116.378.108.767.16120020.1820.1710.1615.407.868.767.16

Figure 3. The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of NO radical with Prim

ula veris (L.) extracts

H2O2 can cross membranes and may slowly oxidize a number of cell compounds. Thus, the elimination of H2O2, as well as the OH radical is very important for protection of pharmaceutical and food systems (Zhishen et al., 1999). The neutralization of H2O2 by the examined extracts was measured spectrophotometrically (Table 4).

Table 4. IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of H2O2 radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts

Altitude (m)Et2OCHCl3EtOAcn-BuOHH2OBHTBHA67073.1773.8946.1563.6230.7719.2018.90120081.2772.4030.1840.5118.8019.2018.90

Based on the results of the spectrophotometric measurement of Primula veris (L.) the H2O2, in reference to reducing its concentration in solution, we can see that all the examined extracts showed the ability to remove HO.22 Extremely high RSC, as well as in the case of neutralization of DPPH and NO radicals, was found in the water extract (IC50 = 18.80 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m). If we compare the values, we can see that all extracts showed smaller antiradical activity. A small antioxidant activity shows diethyl ether extract (IC50 = 81.27 μg/mL in altitude 1200 m). The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of H2O2 radical with Primula veris (L.) extracts is given in Figure 4. Antioxidant activity of the extracts of Primula veris (L.) growing wild in Kosovo are almost same with the antioxidant activity of Primula veris (L.) growing wild in Serbia (Stojkovic, 2014).

Figure 4 The IC50 values (μg/mL) of the neutralization of H2O2 radical with Prim

ula veris (L.) extracts

Conclusion

The aim of this research was to determine phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activities of different extracts from Primula veris (L.) growing wild in North-Western part of Kosovo. To conduct this type of research, we took two samples of the plant Primula veris (L.) at different altitudes 670 m and 1200 m. The amount of total phenols in organic and aqueous extracts of Primula veris (L.) were in the region of 5.10 mg GAE/ g de (diethylether extract to 1200 m altitude) to 17.30 mg GAE/ g de (extract of ethyl acetate at 670 m altitude). Also, great amount of flavonoids was found in aqueous extract and ethyl acetate. Small amounts of flavonoids were found in the n-butanol extract until very small amount we found in the diethyl ether extracts. Simultaneously we have investigated the antioxidant activity of five different extracts (diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) from the plant Primula veris (L.) growing in two different heights above sea level (670 m and 1200 m). Neutralization of free radicals (RSC) is estimated by making measurement of neutralizing capacity of various extracts on DPPH, NO and H2O2. In general, ethyl acetate and water extracts have a strong antioxidant activity. In most tests (DPPH reduction, NO radicals and neutralizing H2O2), H2O extract of Primula veris (L.) growing wild at 1200 m of altitude expresses stronger antioxidant activity. Results obtained from water extracts of Primula veris (L.) is very logical, since we found that this extract contains the largest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.

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Deborah O. Daniel, Sefiu A. Onitilo, Omolade B. Benjamin, Ayoola A. Olasunkanmi

2024 година
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2023 година
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ПОДКАСТ – КОГА, АКО НЕ СЕГА?

Христо Чукурлиев

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2022 година
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METEOROLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 DISEASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Z. Mateeva, E. Batchvarova, Z. Spasova, I. Ivanov, B. Kazakov, S. Matev, A. Simidchiev, A. Kitev

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF PLAMODIUM FALCIPARUM

Onitilo S. A, Usman M. A., Daniel D. O. Odetunde O. S., Ogunwobi Z. O., Hammed F. A., Olubanwo O. O., Ajani A. S., Sanusi A. S., Haruna A. H.

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Станислав Сланев, Хафизе Шабан, Шебнем Шабан, Анета Маринова

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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Sofija Blagojević, Lana Vujanović, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

„TAP, TAP WATER“ QUANTUM TUNNELING DEMONSTRATION

Katarina Borković, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

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КОМЕТИТЕ – I ЧАСТ

Пенчо Маркишки

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DISTANCE LEARNING: HOMEMADE COLLOIDAL SILVER

Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero, Jorge G. Ibanez

2021 година
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STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVE WATER ISOLATION IN GAS WELLS

Al-Obaidi S.H., Hofmann M., Smirnov V.I., Khalaf F.H., Alwan H.H.

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POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS IN EDIBLE COATING AS FISH PRESERVATIVE

Maulidan Firdaus, Desy Nila Rahmana, Diah Fitri Carolina, Nisrina Rahma Firdausi, Zulfaa Afiifah, Berlian Ayu Rismawati Sugiarto

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INVESTIGATION OF 238U, 234U AND 210PO CONTENT IN SELECTED BULGARIAN DRINKING WATER

Bozhidar Slavchev, Elena Geleva, Blagorodka Veleva, Hristo Protohristov, Lyuben Dobrev, Desislava Dimitrova, Vladimir Bashev, Dimitar Tonev

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DEMONSTRATION OF DAMPED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS

Elena Grebenakova, Stojan Manolev

2020 година
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ДОЦ. Д-Р МАРЧЕЛ КОСТОВ КОСТОВ ЖИВОТ И ТВОРЧЕСТВО

Здравка Костова, Елена Георгиева

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JACOB’S LADDER FOR THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM

Kristijan Shishkoski, Vera Zoroska

КАЛЦИЙ, ФОСФОР И ДРУГИ ФАКТОРИ ЗА КОСТНО ЗДРАВЕ

Радка Томова, Светла Асенова, Павлина Косева

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019 – NCOV) PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA

Sefiu A. Onitilo, Mustapha A. Usman, Olutunde S. Odetunde, Fatai A. Hammed, Zacheous O. Ogunwobi, Hammed A. Haruna, Deborah O. Daniel

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WATER PURIFICATION WITH LASER RADIATION

Lyubomir Lazov, Hristina Deneva, Galina Gencheva

2019 година
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LASER MICRO-PERFORATION AND FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Hristina Deneva, Lyubomir Lazov, Edmunds Teirumnieks

ПРОЦЕСЪТ ДИФУЗИЯ – ОСНОВА НА ДИАЛИЗАТА

Берна Сабит, Джемиле Дервиш, Мая Никова, Йорданка Енева

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OLIVE LEAF EXTRACTS – CAPSULES VERSUS POWDER

Hugo Saint-James, Gergana Bekova, Zhanina Guberkova, Nadya Hristova-Avakumova, Liliya Atanasova, Svobodan Alexandrov, Trayko Traykov, Vera Hadjimitova

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ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

Б. В. Тошев

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ON THE GENETIC TIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS

Jordan Tabov, Nevena Sabeva-Koleva, Georgi Gachev

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CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL LIFE IN VARNA

Radka Tomova, Petinka Galcheva, Ivajlo Trajkov, Antoaneta Hineva, Stela Grigorova, Rumyana Slavova, Miglena Slavova

ЦИКЛИТЕ НА КРЕБС

Ивелин Кулев

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ПРИНЦИПИТЕ НА КАРИЕРНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЛАДИЯ УЧЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, С. Кирилова, П. Петков, В. Симеонов

UTILISATION OF THE STATIC EVANS METHOD TO MEASURE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF TRANSITION METAL ACETYLACETONATE COMPLEXES AS PART OF AN UNDERGRADUATE INORGANIC LABORATORY CLASS

Anton Dobzhenetskiy, Callum A. Gater, Alexander T. M. Wilcock, Stuart K. Langley, Rachel M. Brignall, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

THE 100

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A TALE OF SEVEN SCIENTISTS

Scerri, E.R. (2016). A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A LESSON PLAN ON THE TEACHING OF MODULE “WATER CONDUCTIVITY”

A. Thysiadou, S. Christoforidis, P. Giannakoudakis

AMPEROMETRIC NITRIC OXIDE SENSOR BASED ON MWCNT CHROMIUM(III) OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE

Arsim Maloku, Epir Qeriqi, Liridon S. Berisha, Ilir Mazreku, Tahir Arbneshi, Kurt Kalcher

THE EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON Mg/Al HYDROTALCITES STRUCTURES

Eddy Heraldy, Triyono, Sri Juari Santosa, Karna Wijaya, Shogo Shimazu

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A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов, Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF M 2 Zn(TeО3)2 (M - Na, K) ТELLURIDE

Kenzhebek T. Rustembekov, Mitko Stoev, Aitolkyn A. Toibek

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

CHEMISTRY: BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО VOLUME 27 / ГОДИНА XXVII, 2018 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 313 – 472 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 473 – 632 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 633 – 792 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 793 – 952 КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА

(South Africa), A. Ali, M. Bashir (Pakistan) 266 – 278: j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)fx and nd1 Configurations and Correlation with L-S Terms / P. L. Meena (India) 760 – 770: Methyl, тhe Smallest Alkyl Group with Stunning Effects / S. Moulay 771 – 776: The Fourth State of Matter / R. Tsekov

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, Й. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

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Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

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Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

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АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF UNKNOWNS: A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON 1D AND 2D 1H NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Vittorio Caprio, Andrew S. McLachlan, Oliver B. Sutcliffe, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)f

j-jCOUPLEDATOMICTERMSFORNONEQUIVALENT, ELECTRONS OF (n-f X nd CONFIGURATIONS AND, CORRELATION WITH L-S TERMS

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

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ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF TiO2 NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL)ETHYLIDENEAMINO]-PHENYL]-THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
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GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

СПИСАНИЕ ПРОСВѢТА

Списание „Просвета“ е орган на Просветния съюз в България. Списанието е излизало всеки месец без юли и август. Годишният том съдържа 1280 стра- ници. Списанието се издава от комитет, а главен редактор от 1935 до 1943 г. е проф. Петър Мутафчиев, историк византолог и специалист по средновеков-

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47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

JOURNALS OF INTEREST: A REVIEW (2016)

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION POLICY ISSN 1313-1958 (print) ISSN 1313-9118 (online) http://bjsep.org

INVESTIGATING THE ABILITY OF 8

Marina Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski

SYNTHESIS OF TiO -M (Cd, Co, Mn)

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRIMULA VERIS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКА ПОЕМА

Преди година-две заедно с директора на Националното издателство „Аз- буки“ д-р Надя Кантарева-Барух посетихме няколко училища в Родопите. В едно от тях ни посрещнаха в голямата учителска стая. По стените ѝ имаше големи портрети на видни педагози, а под тях – художествено написани умни мисли, които те по някакъв повод са казали. На централно място бе портретът на Антон Семьонович Макаренко (1888 – 1939). Попитах учителките кой е Макаренко – те посрещнаха въпроса ми с мълчание. А някога, в г

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„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

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Quantum Connement of Mobile Na+ Ions in Sodium Silicate Glassy

QUANTUM CONFINEMENT OF MOBILE Na + IONS, IN SODIUM SILICATE GLASSY NANOPARTICLES

OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

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COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO)-PHENYL]-PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

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2016 година
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THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

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ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ ЛИЧНОСТТА НА УЧЕНИКА

Министерството на народното просвещение е направило допълне- ния към Правилника за гимназиите (ДВ, бр. 242 от 30 октомври 1941 г.), според които в бъдеще ще се оценяват следните прояви на учениците: (1) трудолюбие; (2) ред, точност и изпълнителност; (3) благовъзпитаност; (4) народностни прояви. Трудолюбието ще се оценява с бележките „образцово“, „добро“, „незадо- волително“. С „образцово“ ще се оценяват учениците, които с любов и по- стоянство извършват всяка възложена им ил

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VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

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ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

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СТО ГОДИНИ ОТ РОЖДЕНИЕТО НА ПРОФЕСОР ХРИСТО ИВАНОВ (1916 – 2004)

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ПО ПЪТЯ

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COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

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SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova , Gulay Ahmed , Michael Bredol , Stoyan Gutzov

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I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

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TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

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Zahra Eskandari, Nabi.A Ebrahimi Young Researchers & Elite Club, Arsanjan Branch,

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THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

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БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

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SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

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MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

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TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

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РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

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Maria Atanassova

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145 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ

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V. Romanenko, G. Nikitina Academy of Information Technologies in Education, Russia

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GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

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ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

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44

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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

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RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

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SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

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COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

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ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

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КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

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TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

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УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

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