Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

https://doi.org/10.53656/nat2025-4.05

2025/4, стр. 564 - 576

CONSTRUCTING AN EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL GAS – HYDROGEN MIXTURE ON THE PRODUCTION TUBING

Veselin Mitkov
E-mail: veselin.mitkov@mgu.bg
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”
“Prof. Boyan Kamenov” St.
Sofia 1700 Bulgaria

Резюме: An experimental equipment is constructed for testing the effect of gas-hydrogen mixture at different % hydrogen and methane contents (5%, 15%, 25%) on the steel tubing used for production and injection of gas wells for underground gas-hydrogen storage. The presented publication consists of 5 modules: Introduction to the problem that is at hand, theoretical look over the presented issue, the experimental equipment is shown and thoroughly explained, the steps necessary for conducting the experiment are shown, results and summarizing them. The results obtained from the conducted experiment show the potential of production and injection gas-hydrogen mixture with steel tubing for underground storage in underground gas storage facilities.

Ключови думи: hydrogen; steel pipeline; well tubing; hydrogen embrittlement

Introduction

The continuous growth of the world population and economic activities has led to a significant increase in energy demand over the last century. This demand has been met mainly through the consumption of carbon-based fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas. However, the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing global warming and abnormal weather events that pose a serious threat to modern society. To mitigate these climate impacts, an urgent transition to carbon-neutral energy sources is needed. Among the potential alternatives, hydrogen is emerging as a promising energy carrier capable of supporting global decarbonization.

Hydrogen also offers economic and technical advantages. As a fuel, it offers a higher energy content per unit of mass compared to fossil fuels. This makes hydrogen an attractive candidate for replacing conventional energy sources in both industry and transport. However, the creation of a hydrogen-based energy system depends largely on cost-effective and safe methods of operation.

Pipeline transport is currently the most technologically advanced and large-scale approach to hydrogen delivery. Operating pipelines at elevated pressures improves transport efficiency but leads to additional energy requirements and costs. In the United States alone, over 1,600 miles of dedicated hydrogen pipelines have already been built. This is in addition to over 300,000 miles of natural gas pipelines that are expected to be converted to transport natural gas mixed with hydrogen in the short term, and ultimately pure hydrogen in the long term (Dincer & Acar, 2015; Li et al., 2022).

The movement of the extracted and injected fluid (gas-hydrogen mixture) from the bottomhole to the wellhead is carried out through a column of pump-compressor pipes (PCP) or tubing that are lowered into the production column. The purpose of the tubing is to ensure the movement of the extracted or injected fluid. The tubing column also protects the production column from abrasive and corrosive effects between the gas-hydrogen mixture and the production column. The tubing column facilitates repair work and is also necessary for stopping the well in emergency situations. The tubing is used to ensure a suitable technological regime for well operation (Gerov, 2019).

Most gas pipelines are constructed from steel pipes, which are produced economically in large quantities. Hydrogen pipelines have historically relied on medium-strength steels, such as American Petroleum Institute (API) 5L X42, X46, and X52, which can operate at pressures up to 13 MPa. With the growth of industrial demand for pipelines capable of transporting hydrogen at higher pressures, research has focused on higher-quality steels such as API 5CT API 5L X60, X70, and X80. Despite their higher strength, these high-quality steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon in which the presence of hydrogen causes the steel to become brittle. Despite their higher strength, these high-quality steels are more susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon in which the presence of hydrogen reduces the strength and/or ductility of metals, leading to emergency conditions. Given that hydrogen is highly flammable in the presence of oxygen, any leak in hydrogen transport pipelines can lead to catastrophic accidents (Li et al., 2022).

Four conditions are usually necessary for hydrogen embrittlement to occur in steels:

I. Hydrogen that can diffuse into the microstructure.

II. The presence of microstructural features in the steel pipeline that are susceptible to HE, such as cracks.

III. Applied or residual stresses.

IV. Sufficient time for hydrogen atoms to diffuse to these susceptible areas.

Long-term operation of metal pipelines transporting hydrogen under high pressure can easily satisfy all these conditions. In addition, additional operating variables (temperature and pressure), such as local stress concentration and cyclic loading, can exacerbate hydrogen embrittlement under operating conditions (Abe et al., 2019; Momirlan & Veziroglu, 2002).

For these reasons, it is crucial to investigate and study the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement in steel pipelines before their large-scale implementation in operation. This publication analyzes the interactions of hydrogen with steel surfaces, the main factors affecting susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, and existing methods for studying hydrogen embrittlement (Hawkins & Joffe, 2006).

This publication presents a developed test bench for rapid determination of the influence of gas-hydrogen mixtures on the tubing in the process of injection and extraction. The developed research test bench consists of four main modules:

1. Bottle with standard gas-hydrogen mixture; regulator; flexible connection for connecting the regulator to the second module

2. Set of tubing with diameters 2’ 7/8 and 4’ 1/2 and with lengths 42 cm

3. Measuring manometers with a range of 25 bar and high-pressure valves

4. Equipment for measuring gas-hydrogen mixture leaks and equipment for determining the technical condition of the tested tubing (flaw detection equipment).

Theoretical

Physical and chemical properties

Hydrogen (symbol H, atomic number 1) is the lightest element and is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Although it is placed in group 1 of the periodic table with the alkali metals, hydrogen is not a metal. Under normal conditions, it behaves like a non-metal and easily forms a single covalent bond with most non-metallic elements, leading to the formation of compounds such as water and most organic molecules. Only under extremely high pressure does hydrogen exhibit metallic properties (Table 1).

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of hydrogen

Chemical SymbolH2PhasesGaseous, Liquid, Slush, Solid, Metallic,and PlasmaMolecular weight2.016 g.mol-1H-H bond dissociation energy435.7 kJ.mol-1Ground state energy level of the electron in an atom-13.6 eVSpecificvolume of gas at 70 oF (21.1 oC) and 1 atm11.99 m3.kg-1Autoignition temperature570oCBoiling Point at 1.01 bar-252.8oCMelting Point at 1.01 bar-259.2oCRelative density (air=1) 1atm0.08989 g.ml-1
Gaseous Energy Content120 MJ.kg-1Liquid Hydrogen Energy Content8 MJ.L-1Critical Temperature-239.9oCCritical Pressure12.96 bar, absCritical density30.12 kg.m-3Triple point-259.3oC at 0.07 bar, absFlammable limits in the air (byvolume)4.0-75.0%Enthalpy of Combustion-286 kJ.mol-1Latent heat of fusion at the triple point58.09 kJ.kg-1Latent heat ofvaporization at boiling point446.0 kJ.kg-1Cp14.34 kJ.kg-1oCCv10.12 kJ.kg-1oCRatio of specific heats1.42CAS No.133-74-0UN No.1049ERG No.115

Hydrogen is the lightest element, but it provides the highest energy per unit mass of all known fuels. However, its volumetric energy density is very low. To overcome this limitation, gaseous hydrogen is typically compressed to pressures between 200 and 700 bar. Alternative approaches, such as cryogenic compression and material-based storage, are also being developed to increase the efficiency of hydrogen storage (Messaoudani et al., 2016).

Hydrogen embrittlement is the loss of plasticity and strength in metals caused by the introduction of hydrogen atoms into the lattice, usually at temperatures below ~150 °C. Hydrogen can be introduced during high-temperature operations (casting, welding, heat treatment) or electrochemical processes (corrosion, electroplating, cathodic protection). Once absorbed, it spreads to the grain boundaries, where it forms high-pressure bubbles or brittle hydrides (in metals such as titanium), leading to intergranular cracking. This changes the fracture mode of the metal from ductile to brittle. In hydrogen storage tanks, types I–III (metal or metal-coated) are vulnerable throughout their structure, while type IV (composite with polymer coating) are vulnerable only in the metal part where the valve is located (Ghadiani et al, 2024; Subedi & Thapa, 2023).

Experimental

Fig. 1 shows the research equipment developed for rapid determination of the effect of gas-hydrogen mixtures on the tubing.

Figure 1. Diagram of the developed equipment

1 – Bottle with gas-hydrogen mixture (5, 15, 25% hydrogen content); 2 – Pressure regulator; 3 – Soft coupling; 4 – High-pressure valve; 5 – High-pressure manometer; 6 – Tubing 4‘1/2; 7 – Tubing 2‘7/8

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the gas-hydrogen mixture bottles. The characteristics include working pressure, temperature, bottle volume, and quantity.

Table 3 shows the certificate for the gas-hydrogen mixture in cylinders.

Table 2. Characteristics of bottles containing a gas-hydrogen mixture

Bottle №Pressure at15oCMin. residualpressureVolumeTemepratureof storageQuantity13325150 bar5 bar10 L5°C – 30°C1,5 m-313481150 bar5 bar10 L5°C – 30°C1,5 m-302440150 bar5 bar10 L5°C – 30°C1,5 m-3

Table 3. Certificate of the gas-hydrogen mixture

BottleOrdernumberType oftestUnit ofmeasurementTestmethodSetvalueMeasuredvalueExtendeduncertainty133251Hydrogen(H2)Vol.%BDSEN ISO6143:20065,005,000,142Methane(CH4)95,0095,002,73134811Hydrogen(H2)15,0015,020,432Methane(CH4)85,0084,982,44024401Hydrogen(H2)25,0024,940,712Methane(CH4)75,0075,062,15

The measured values are based on volumetric parts at 0 °C and 1013 mbarTest conditions: 24.0 °C ±0.6 °C

Figure 2. Regulator for gas-hydrogen mixture – 825D-15-H

Figure 2 shows a regulator for controlling the pressure of the gas-hydrogen mixture in the test process. Figure 3 shows a high-pressure valve. Figure 4 shows a measuring pressure gauge used in the equipment. Figure 5 shows the ultrasonic thickness gauge used for measuring the thickness of metal pipes. Figure 6 shows a gas analyzer for determining leaks of the gas-hydrogen mixture during the test. The selected regulator for gas-hydrogen mixture is made of forged brass body, stainless steel diaphragm - without internal contamination. The maximum inlet pressure of the regulator is 230 [bar]. A large diaphragm with a diameter of 70 mm is used to stabilize the working pressure. The flow rate of the regulator is [m3.h-1]. The maximum outlet pressure is 15 [bar]. The connection ports are: inlet port W21.80x1/14’’LH and outlet port G3/8LH.

Figure 3. High pressure valve - GEMELS GE2

Type: ball valve 2 way, Sizes: from DN6 up to DN25, Ends: BSP-NPT-SAE-DIN, Pressure: up to PN500, Temp range: from -30°C to +100°C.

Certifications:

– CE ATEX – The CE certification ATEX (ATmosphere EXplosive) regulates equipment used in areas with an explosive atmosphere in the EU. DNV

– The DNV certificate (Det Norske Veritas body) regulates products and equipment conformity to the maritime regulations and requirements. EAC

– The EAC certificates and declarations (EurAsian Conformity) demonstrates that products conform to all technical regulations of the Eurasian Customs Union, particularly referring to pressure equipment, those used in areas with an explosive atmosphere and machines. UKCA

– The UKCA Ex certification (UK Conformity Assessed EXplosive atmosphere) regulates equipment used in areas with an explosive atmosphere in the United Kingdom. The UKCAPER certification (UK Conformity Assessed Pressure Equipment Regulation) regulates the design, manufacture, equipment and conformity assessment of pressure equipment ensuring a high level of safety in the United Kingdom1.

Figure 4. Bourdon tube pressure gauge, Wika Model 233.50

This high-quality Bourdon tube pressure gauge has been designed especially for the process industry. The use of high-quality stainless steel materials and the robust design are geared to applications in the chemical and process engineering industries. Thus the instrument is suitable for liquid and gaseous media, also in aggressive environments. WIKA manufactures and qualifies the pressure gauge in accordance with the standards EN 837-1 and ASME B40.100. As a safety function, this instrument has a blow-out device with blow-out plug on the back of the case. In the event of a failure, overpressure can escape there2.

Figure 5. Olympus 45MG

The 45MG is an advanced ultrasonic thickness gauge packed with standard measurement features and software options. This unique instrument is compatible with the complete range of Evident dual element and single element thickness gauge transducers, making this innovative instrument an all-in-one solution for virtually every thickness gauge application. In its basic configuration the 45MG is a simple and straightforward gauge that requires minimal operator training to tackle most common thickness gauging applications. With additional optional software options and transducers however, the 45MG can become significantly more advanced and take on applications well beyond that of a typical entry-level gauge. Furthermore, most options are available individually at the time of purchase or can be added in the future as your needs change3.

Figure 6. Sewerin EX-TEC PM 4

The EX-TEC PM 4 is an electronic handheld device for the detection and measurement of gas concentrations. Equipped with three sensors, it can be used for the ppm range, the % vol. Range and the LEL range. Intended use: According to DVGW Note G 465-4 the device can be used for the following purposes:

– Testing in houses/buildings, e.g. measuring minute gas concentrations in buildings and locating the origin of the gas.

– Testing in enclosed spaces, e.g. measuring the gas concentration in enclosed spaces or shafts with an increased potential of gas dispersal.

– Warning against explosive gas concentrations, e.g. for monitoring work areas whilst carrying out work to gas pipes or gas systems.

– Measurement of gas concentrations, e.g. when decommissioning gas systems.

Тhe EX-TEC PM 4 can detect the following gases:

Methane (CH4), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10), Hexane (C6H14), Nonane Table 4 shows the characteristics of the tubing. The characteristics include outer diameter, weight per linear meter, wall thickness, steel grade, collapse resistance, internal yield pressure, and yield strength4.

Table 4. Characteristics of the tubing

OutsideDiameterWeightWall ThicknessCollapseResistanceGradePipe BodyInternal YieldPressureYield Strenghtinchmmppfкg.m-1inchmmpsiMPapsiMPalbkN27/873.028.6012.800.2175.51P11021040145.020620142.12732001215.241/2114.313.5020.090.2716.88P1101069073.71241085.54220001877

Sequence of conducting the experiment

After constructing the research equipment shown in Figure 1, the following research activities were carried out.

1. Each of the tubing is examined with the Olympus MG45 ultrasonic instrument at three separate points along the length of the pipe to accurately determine the wall thickness and identify any defects. As a result of the examination, no such defects were found in any of the six tubing pipes.

2. Testing the tubing for leaks. For this purpose, they are hydraulically tested for 30 days. Each pipe is pressurized with natural gas at a pressure of 20 bar. All the tubing is airtight, as a result of the hydraulic test, as no abnormal pressure drop was recorded over a period of 30 days (Boyadjiev & Georgiev, 2020).

3. Each of the tubing is examined with the Olympus MG45 ultrasonic instrument at three separate points along the length of the pipe to accurately determine the wall thickness and identify any defects. As a result of the examination, no such defects were found in any of the six tubing pipes.

4. The natural gas is released from all the tubing and then they are pressurized with a gas-hydrogen mixture with a hydrogen to methane concentration of 5, 15, and 25%.

5. The following activities are carried out over a period of 30 days:

– Visual inspection of the tubing pipes for corrosion or breaches in the integrity of the equipment.

– Monitoring and recording the pressure in the tubing with a pressure gauge shown in Fig. 4.

– Measuring the wall thickness of the tubing with Olympus 45MG shown in

Fig. 5.

– Check for gas-hydrogen mixture leakage from threaded connections, welded joints, and the valve using a gas analyzer shown in Fig. 6.

Result and discussion

The result from the carried out experiment are shown in Table 5 and in Table 6.

Table 5. Results from testing the thickness of the tubing

BMEBMEBMEBMEBMEBMEBMEBMEBMEBMEA I6.596.556.536.596.546.536.596.556.536.516.556.536.596.556.536.596.526.536.596.556.536.596.556.536.596.586.536.596.556.53205 % H2A II6.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.756.736.666.752015 % H2A III6.476.436.476.476.436.476.486.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.476.476.436.472025 % H2B I5.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.595.695.695.565.695.695.565.695.695.565.69205 % H2B II5.565.635.695.575.615.695.565.615.695.565.615.695.565.615.695.565.615.695.565.615.695.565.615.715.565.615.695.565.615.692015 % H2B III5.735.795.815.735.795.815.735.795.815.735.805.815.735.795.815.735.795.825.735.795.815.735.795.815.735.795.815.735.795.812025 % H204/08/202511/08/202515/08/202518/08/202522/08/202508/08/2025Thickness ofthe wall [mm]2 7/8D outP work[bar]Gas4 1/225/08/202529/08/202501/09/202505/09/2025

Note: B stands for Beginning, M stands for Middle and E stands for End. The three measurements are made 10 cm from one another.

Table 6. Pressure inside the tubing during the experiment

A I5 % H2A II15 % H2A III25 % H2B I5 % H2B II15 % H2B III25 %H219.0020.0020.0019.5019.5019.5019.5019.5019.5019.0020.0019.5020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0019.0019.0019.0019.0019.0020.0020.0020.0020.0020.5020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0019.5019.5019.5019.5019.0020.0020.0020.0019.5019.5020.0020.0020.0020.0020.002 7/820.0020.0020.0020.0020.0020.0022/08/202525/08/202529/08/202501/09/202505/09/20254 1/220.5020.0020.0020.00D outPressure inside the tubing[bar]Gas04/08/202508/08/202511/08/202515/08/202518/08/2025

From the results shown in Table 5 from the carried out experiment, it can be said that the experiment has provided positive results as it’s shown from the data, that the thickness of the walls of the tubing remains a constant with small deviations that are caused from the Olympus 45MG. The recorded deviation is between 0.01 mm and 0.05 mm. For this reason, we can state that the gas-hydrogen mixture of 5, 15, 25% at 20 [bar] of work pressure didn’t affect the tubing column in the 30 days that the experiment was carried out.

From the results shown in Table 6, we can see the pressure inside the tubing during the 30 days that the experiment was carried out. The results show that in some of the tubing there is loss in pressure which is in a normal margin. During the experiment, the tubing was tested for leaks using the Sewerin EX-TEC PM 4, the gas detector signalized that there is a leak of gas-hydrogen mixture from the outlet of the GEMELS GE2 valves. The gas detector didn’t show any signs of leakage of gas-hydrogen mixture on the welded joints of the tubing, nor the threaded joints on the pressure gauge nor the inlet of the GEMELS GE2 valves. With this data it can be said that during the experiment, the tubing remained airtight (hermetic) and no pressure was lost due to the tubing made from P110 steel.

Conclusions

As a result of the developed research equipment for determining the influence of the gas-hydrogen mixture on the column of pump-compressor pipes for the research period, it was established that:

1. The developed equipment is airtight (hermetic).

2. A gas-hydrogen mixture with a hydrogen concentration of 5, 15, 25% has no effect on the tubing column made of P110 steel.

3. The tested tubing with a diameter of 2’7/8 and 4’1/2 made of P110 steel can be used in the process of production and injection in underground gas storage facilities of a gas-hydrogen mixture with a hydrogen concentration of 5, 15, 25%.

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Program “Young Scientists and Postdoctoral Students – 2” (Stage II 2024 – 2025).

Authors’ contributions

V.M. conceived of the presented idea, designed and built the experimental equipment, did all the necessary measurements and thoroughly took a record of them, wrote the manuscript.

NOTES

1. https://www.gemels.com

2. https://www.wika.com/en-en/homepage.WIKA

3. https://ims.evidentscientific.com/en/

4. https://www.voestalpine.com/group/en/

REFERENCES

Abe, J. O., Popoola, A., Ajenifuja, E., Popoola, O. (2019). Hydrogen energy, economy and storage: review and recommendation. Hydrogen energy, economy and storage: review and recommendation, 44(29), 15072 – 15086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.04.068.

Boyadjiev, M. & Georgiev, L. (2020). Running of gas infrastructure. University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”. [in Bulgarian]

Dincer, I., & Acar, C. (2015). Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(34), 11094 – 11111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035

Gerov, L. (2019). Natural gas production and storage. UMG “St. Ivan Rilski”. [in Bulgarian].

Ghadiani, H., Farhat, Z., Alam, T. & Islam, M. A. (2024). Assessing Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steels for Natural Gas-Hydrogen Blends: Implications for Existing Infrastructure. Solids, 5(3), 375 – 393. https://doi. org/10.3390/solids5030025

Hawkins, S. & Joffe, D. (2006). Technological Characterisation of Hydrogen Storage and Distribution Technologies. Policy Studies Institute.

Li, H., Niu, R., Li, W., Lu, H., Cairney, J., & Chen, Y-S. (2022). Hydrogen in pipeline steels: Recent advances in characterization and embrittlement mitigation. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 105, 104709. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2022.104709.

Messaoudani, Z. I., Rigas, F., Hamid, M.D.B., Hassan, C.R.C. (2016). Hazards, safety and knowledge gaps on hydrogen transmission via natural gas grid: a critical review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(39), 17511 – 17525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.171.

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КОМЕТИТЕ – I ЧАСТ

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DISTANCE LEARNING: HOMEMADE COLLOIDAL SILVER

Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero, Jorge G. Ibanez

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STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVE WATER ISOLATION IN GAS WELLS

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INVESTIGATION OF 238U, 234U AND 210PO CONTENT IN SELECTED BULGARIAN DRINKING WATER

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Elena Grebenakova, Stojan Manolev

2020 година
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JACOB’S LADDER FOR THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM

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WATER PURIFICATION WITH LASER RADIATION

Lyubomir Lazov, Hristina Deneva, Galina Gencheva

2019 година
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LASER MICRO-PERFORATION AND FIELDS OF APPLICATION

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CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL LIFE IN VARNA

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A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

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2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

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РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

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DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF M 2 Zn(TeО3)2 (M - Na, K) ТELLURIDE

Kenzhebek T. Rustembekov, Mitko Stoev, Aitolkyn A. Toibek

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

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CHEMISTRY: BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО VOLUME 27 / ГОДИНА XXVII, 2018 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 313 – 472 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 473 – 632 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 633 – 792 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 793 – 952 КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА

(South Africa), A. Ali, M. Bashir (Pakistan) 266 – 278: j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)fx and nd1 Configurations and Correlation with L-S Terms / P. L. Meena (India) 760 – 770: Methyl, тhe Smallest Alkyl Group with Stunning Effects / S. Moulay 771 – 776: The Fourth State of Matter / R. Tsekov

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, Й. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

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Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

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А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

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Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

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Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

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АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF UNKNOWNS: A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON 1D AND 2D 1H NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Vittorio Caprio, Andrew S. McLachlan, Oliver B. Sutcliffe, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)f

j-jCOUPLEDATOMICTERMSFORNONEQUIVALENT, ELECTRONS OF (n-f X nd CONFIGURATIONS AND, CORRELATION WITH L-S TERMS

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

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ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF TiO2 NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL)ETHYLIDENEAMINO]-PHENYL]-THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
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GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

СПИСАНИЕ ПРОСВѢТА

Списание „Просвета“ е орган на Просветния съюз в България. Списанието е излизало всеки месец без юли и август. Годишният том съдържа 1280 стра- ници. Списанието се издава от комитет, а главен редактор от 1935 до 1943 г. е проф. Петър Мутафчиев, историк византолог и специалист по средновеков-

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47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

JOURNALS OF INTEREST: A REVIEW (2016)

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INVESTIGATING THE ABILITY OF 8

Marina Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski

SYNTHESIS OF TiO -M (Cd, Co, Mn)

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRIMULA VERIS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

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Преди година-две заедно с директора на Националното издателство „Аз- буки“ д-р Надя Кантарева-Барух посетихме няколко училища в Родопите. В едно от тях ни посрещнаха в голямата учителска стая. По стените ѝ имаше големи портрети на видни педагози, а под тях – художествено написани умни мисли, които те по някакъв повод са казали. На централно място бе портретът на Антон Семьонович Макаренко (1888 – 1939). Попитах учителките кой е Макаренко – те посрещнаха въпроса ми с мълчание. А някога, в г

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„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

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Quantum Connement of Mobile Na+ Ions in Sodium Silicate Glassy

QUANTUM CONFINEMENT OF MOBILE Na + IONS, IN SODIUM SILICATE GLASSY NANOPARTICLES

OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

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Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

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COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO)-PHENYL]-PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

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2016 година
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THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

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ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ ЛИЧНОСТТА НА УЧЕНИКА

Министерството на народното просвещение е направило допълне- ния към Правилника за гимназиите (ДВ, бр. 242 от 30 октомври 1941 г.), според които в бъдеще ще се оценяват следните прояви на учениците: (1) трудолюбие; (2) ред, точност и изпълнителност; (3) благовъзпитаност; (4) народностни прояви. Трудолюбието ще се оценява с бележките „образцово“, „добро“, „незадо- волително“. С „образцово“ ще се оценяват учениците, които с любов и по- стоянство извършват всяка възложена им ил

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VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

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ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

Надежда Райчева, Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Виктория Нечева

EXISTING NATURE OF SCIENCE TEACHING OF A THAI IN-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHER

Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CUCURBITA MELO GROWING IN KOSOVO

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СТО ГОДИНИ ОТ РОЖДЕНИЕТО НА ПРОФЕСОР ХРИСТО ИВАНОВ (1916 – 2004)

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Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

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РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

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145 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ

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44

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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

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УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

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