Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2014/2, стр. 275 - 290

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

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University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Soa, University of Soa

Dedicated to Marie Sklodowska-Curie, 80th years of her death (4 July 1934)

An element is matter, all of whose atoms are alike in having the same positive charge on the nucleus. Elements are divided into metals (approximately 80%) and no-metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals gold and copper until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, only 12 metals were known (Fig. 1). Four of them As, Sb, Zn and Bi were discovered in the 13th and 14th century, while Pt was discovered in the 16th century.

Fig. 1. Percent discovered elements over the years

The origin of the chemical elements show a wide diversity beginning with the use of some of primitive human societies that found native elements like gold and copper and extracted (smelted) iron and a few other metals from their ores. Modern historians categorize the Golden and Silver Age as mythical, but consider the Bronze and Iron Age historically valid. Stone age man learned to fashion gold into jewelry and ornaments, learning that it could be formed into sheets and wires easily. It may be the first metal used by humans. The Copper Age was a time period between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Edged weapons such as knives, swords, spearheads and axes were made of copper, as were brooches, pins and vessels for food and drink, in fact the tin was scarce. The seven metals, known as the metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilization was based. These seven metals are presented in Table 1.

Their names are connected with the Sun, Moon and the five known planets at that time from the Solar system. Au like a Sun has everlasting brilliance. Ag like a Moon has rather cold luster. Cu was named after Venus, the goddess of beauty. The sparkling plated made from Cu or bronze were used as mirrors. Fe was used for weapons manufacture and Mars is the god of the war. Mercury is the god of the trade, in continuously movement, like Hg, that can not be detain in one place. The other two metals from the great group of seven are Sn and Pb.

Table 1. Metals in the Antiquity.

ElementAntiquitySymbolPlanetAu6000 BCSunCu4200 BCVenusAg4000 BCMoonPb3500 BCSaturnSn1750 BCJupiterFe1500 BCMarsHg750 BCMercury

The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy with Sn bronze (3300-1200BC). The Iron Age is the period generally marked by the prevalent use of iron or steel as material for cutting tools and weapons. Around 3000BC, iron was a scarce and precious metal, between 1200BC and 1000BC, diffusion in the understanding of iron metallurgy and utilization of iron objects was fast and far-flung. The extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores is more difficult than tin and copper smelting. It is therefore not surprising that humans only mastered iron smelting after several millennia of bronze metallurgy. Before 1800 there were 12 metals in common use: Au, Cu, Ag, Pb, Sn, Fe, Hg, Bi, Zn, As, Sb and Pt (Table 2). The first element to be chemically discovered was phosphorus, prepared from urine by Brandt in 1669. Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more, with nearly all of the naturally occurring elements becoming known by 1900. In 1937, Tc became the first artificially synthesized element that does not occur naturally: 9842 Mo +H21 ® 9943Tc + n. Its name came from the Greek word “τεχνικός” meaning “artificial”. It was discovered by the Italian physicist Emilio Segre.

According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued trough the late 18th century. Although the displayed diagram (Fig. 1), we do not have to believe that chemical elements had been discovered only in 19th century. Gradually with increasing complexity of human life, exploring the world, the people’s need of new materials naturally augment. The more the time went on, the more the number of detected chemical elements growth. As a whole the humanity went through several major historical moments: Medieval, Renaissance, Absolutism, Enlightenment – rationalist age, 19th century, Modern Times – 19th–20th century, as a distinct historical period it is time of Cold War and the fall of Berlin Wall, 21th century – the time of new technologies and globalization.

Table 2. Discovered elements from Antiquity to 2000 year

Antiq-uityAu,Ag, Cu, Fe, Sn, Pb, Sb, Hg,S, C, N1840Er,TbMiddleAgeAs, Bi, Zn, P185017001860Cs, Rb, Tl, In, He17101870Ga, Ho,Yb, Sc, Tm17201880Gd, Pr, Nd, Ge, Dy, Sm1730Co, Pt1890Ar, Kr, Ne, Xe, Po, Ra,Ac17401900Rn, Eu, Lu1750Ni, Mg1910Pa, Re1760H1920Hf1770N, O, Cl, Mn, Ba1930Fr, Tc1780Mo, W, Te, Zr, U, Sr1940Np,At, Pu, Cm,Am, Pm, Bk1790Ti,Y, Be1950Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No1800V, Nb, Ta, Rh, Pa, Os, Ir, Ce1960Lr, Rf, DbK, Na, B, Ca, Ru, Ba1970Sg1810I, F, Li, Se, Cd1980Bh, Mt, Hs1820Si,Al, Br, Th1990Ds, Rg, Cn1830La2000Fl, Lv

Considering the historical periodization of the world, we understand why huge discovery of new elements started in the 19th century. By this time, Europe was under cultural economic and political influence of the Christian religion. Only accepting the ideas of the Renaissance, the people began to create the new worldview, understanding that it was not just the subject of what was happened. Man transcended its pragmatic nature and realized that they could change the world by studying the phenomena that occurred in the world. Gradually the society was being transformed into centralized world. The period – the end of the17th century – beginning of 18th – was a time of new thinking, building the foundation of science. The final stage of the secularization completed. The knowledge, separated and arranged by experiential, was getting rid of dogma and prejudice. The new sciences such as chemistry, biology, mathematics, medicine started to separate. The basic of logos was put. Since this stage of human development, the discovery of new chemical elements increased. The research on the nature and its structure were closely related to the chemical elements. The historical events occurring in the 18th century prepared the growth of the discovering of the chemical elements in 19th century. The states economical power divided the world into spheres of infl uence. In 18th century in Europe several important events happened. Firstly, it was the realization of the ideas of Baudelaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Charles Montesquieu and the subsequent French Revolution (1789-1799), which established a constitutional monarchy and republic. Change in state structure led to a change in the development of science and scientifi c discoveries. Along with the social revolution, in France came revolution in the chemical science. In France and Germany was discovered Uranium 92U, known with its powerful application in receiving of nuclear power and producing the atomic bomb.

The more interesting are the periods in which began the “boom” of discovery of chemical elements. On the chart (Fig. 2) that peak can be seen. The “boom” is followed by a period of decline (from 19th century to the end of the First World War 1914-1918). And again the period of growth is coming (the time between the First World War and 1985– the first beginning of the Soviet collapse). Another period of decline with its minimum is the years 1984-1996.

Fig. 2. Discovered elements over the years

Obviously the discovery of the chemical elements is associated with the historical events occurred in countries and depends on the financial and economical factors in these states (Figs. 3 and 4). In addition to this, the internal processes in a country weren’t isolated from the international community. Apart of France, revolutions for democracy happened in many others countries worldwide. Along with the civil revolutions, the 18th and of early 19th was characterized by a very big world revolution – industrial (1750-1850). This was a period of transition from a primary agrarian economy to industrial production. The increasing consumption in the industry required new discoveries in the science of chemistry that could lead to increasing production. That’s why 42 percent of known nowadays chemical elements were found out in the 19th century (the maximum in Fig. 2).

1213141516171811H1H2He23Li4Be5B6Cpre- history7N8O9F10Ne311Na12Mg345678910111213Al14Si15P16Spre- history17Cl18Ar419K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mnc.2500 BC27Co28Ni29Cuc.5000 BC30Znpre1500;137431Ga32Ge33As125034Se35Br36Kr537Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rh46Pd47Agc.3000 BC48Cd49In50Snc.2100 BC51Sbc.1600 BC52Te53I54Xe655Cs56Ba57La*72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Ptpre170079Auc.3000 BC80Hgc.1500 BC81Tl82Pbc.1000 BC83Bic.150084Po85At86Rn787Fr88Ra89Ac**104Rf105Db106Sg107Bh108Hs109Mt110Dm111Rg112Cn113Uut114Fl115Uup116Lv117Uus118UuoPERIODTHE MAINSUBGROUPSSECONDARYSUBGROUPTHEMAINSUBGROUPS

Fig. 3. Periodic table with nationality of the countries of the chemical elements discovered

Fig. 4. Number of discovered elements by countries

The industrial revolution and Civil revolutions spread from Britain to Western Europe and North America, and gradually affected the whole world. In that period 1750–1850, England and Sweden had grown in the discovery of the chemical elements. England recorded in its history 17 new chemical elements such as Mg, O, Cl, Pd, Na, B, K, Ca, etc. (Fig. 5, Table 3) and Sweden – 17 chemical elements among which Ni, Mn, Mo, Li, Se, La, etc. (Fig. 6, Table 3).

Fig. 5. Discovered elements by Great Britain over the years

Fig. 6. Discovered elements by Sweden over the years

In comparison with them, France and Germany in the same period (1750-1850) found out much less elements (Figs. 7 and 8). Taking into account the political situation in these countries, it is a usual fact. During this time France changed several governments – Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe and twice proclaimed French Republic with two constitutions. Weaken by the internal contradictions and the Napoleon’s wars, France and the French didn’t find time and energy to work for innovations in the periodic system.

in pure state more than one element

Table 3. Chemists who discovered or were succeed to isolate

ChemistNationalityElements, discovered orisolate in pure stateNumberYearHumphry DavyEnglishK, Na, Mg, Ba, Ca, Sr, B71807-1808Jöns Jakob BerzeliusSwedishZr, Se, Ti, Si, Th, Ce61818, 1823,1829William RamsewScottishHe,Ar, Kr, Ne, Xe, Rn61895, 1898Carl Wilhelm ScheeleSwedishO, Cl, Mn, Ba, Mo51771, 1774Carl GustavMosanderSwedishY, Ce, La, Er, Tb51838, 1842Martin-HenrichKlaprothGermanTe, Zr, U, Ce41789Paul-Émili Lecoq deBoisbaudranFrenchGa, Sm, Gd, Dy41875, 1879,1880, 1886Smithson TennantEnglishOs, Ir21803Marie and PierreCurieFrenchPo, Ra21898, 1902CarlAuer vonWelsbachAustrianPr, Nd21885Louis-NicolasVauquelinFrenchBe, Cr21798William HydeWollastonEnglishPd, Rh21803, 1804

A history of modern chemistry can be taken to begin with the distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work “The skeptical chemist” in 1661 and another important step was made by Antoine Lavoisier (Father of Modern Chemistry). Chemistry is considered to have become a full-fledged science with the work of Lavoisier, who developed a low of conservation of mass in 1789. Sulfur was first used at least 4000 years ago but it was recognized as an element by Antoin Lavoasier in 1777. Lavoisier also named hydrogen (1793), oxygen (1777) and nitrogen in 1776.

The French chemist and pharmacist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin discovered Be in beryl and emerald, and Cr in 1797, but isolated chromium in 1798. Although H. Klaproth observed in 1789 uranium, E.-M. Péligot named it after the recently discovered planet Uranus.

Iodine was discovered in sea weed ash by the French Bernard Courtois in 1811 although it was proved to be an element in 1814 by Gay-Lussac.

The discovery of bromine was credited to the French Antoine-Jerome Balard. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.

The metal Tl was first isolated by Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1862.

Although boron compounds were known for thousands of years, it was not isolated until 1808 when Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenand obtained boron in an impure state and the English chemist, Humphry Davy, prepared pure B by electrolyses.

The Mg in pure state was obtained in 1831 by the French pharmacist and chemist Antoine-Alexandre Brutus Bussy, but in 1808 H. Davy obtained the impure metal.

The element He was discovered by spectroscopy during a solar eclipse in the sun’s chromosphere by the French astronomer Pierre-Jules-Cesar Janssen in 1868. Until 1895 it was thought to be only a solar constituent, when Scottish chemist William Ramsay found that it was identical to the He in the uranium ore cleveite (Table 3).

The name of gallium derives from the Latin Gallia for “France”, since it was discovered in zinc blende by the French chemist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 (Table 3).

The element with atomic number 89 and the chemical symbol Ac is a powerful source of alpha radiation and its discovery has been credited also to the French chemist Andre-Louis Debierne in 1899.

Marie Curie-the first women to be awarded with Nobel Prize, the only women to win in two fields (1903 in physics and 1911 in chemistry) and the only person to win in multiple sciences. As a scientist, she was a genius at measuring and working out methods for experiments. She discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive as U. In July 1898, Marie Curie and her husband published a paper announcing the existence of an element which they named “polonium”, in honor of her native Poland. She never succeeded in isolating Po, which has a half-life of only 138 days. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named “radium” (Table 3). Her research into radiation helped others discover the stricture of the atom, one of the greatest puzzles of the universe. Radiation itself turned to be extremely dangerous, but it also proved to be very useful in areas such as treating cancer, generating electricity, and diagnostic medical problems. Marie Curie became one of the history’s best-known scientists. A century after Marie Sklodowska struggled to complete her education in a friendly but foreign country, the European Union demonstrated its belief that education is one of the best investments in society by enacting a system of financial support for young people. The most spectacular of such assistance programs are the EU Marie Curie Actions, started in 2002 and continued up to now.

During the ruling of Adolph Thiers 1871 as interim Head of State (1871-1875), France was stabilizing and the Paris Commune was quenched. Only in the management of Patrice de Mac Mahon, second president of the Third French Republic (1875-1879), France got its domestic stability and this affected in scientific discoveries. From 1871 to the beginning of World War I (1914-1918) the French discovered whole 9 chemical elements. This was the peak (Fig. 7). Among the detected elements except F, and trace elements are as Ra, Ac, Po, and lanthanides Sm, Dy, Eu, Lu. The discovery of the rare earth elements provided a long history of almost two hundred years of trial and error in the claims of element discovery. The fact that the similarity in the chemical properties of the rare earths(RE) make them especially difficult to chemically isolate led to a situation where many mixtures of elements were being mistaken for elemental species. Very pure RE samples did not become a reality until the middle twentieth century. Sm was discovered by the French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. It was originally discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine, who called it decipium but in 1881, he determined that his decipium could be resolved into two elements, one of which was identical to Boisbaoudran’s samarium. In 1901, the French chemist Eugene-Anatole Demarcay showed that this samarium earth also contained europium. Lecoq de Boisbaudran was also discovered Dy (dysprosium) in a holmium sample in 1886 but the French George Urbain first isolated it in 1906. The chemist George Urbain in 1907 discovered lutetium, Lu (and independently by the Carl Auer von Welsback also (named cassiopeium)) and the name derives from “lutetia”, the ancient latin name for the city of Paris. In 1949 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted officially Urbain’s name based on consideration of prevailing usage, finally ending the controversy.

Although, in period of restoration after World War I, with discovery of Francium – Fr by Marguerite Perey, another French female scientist, France recorded in 1939 in its history last open chemical elemen and it was the last element discovered in nature,

Fig. 7. Discovered elements by France over the years

Fig. 8. Discovered elements by Germany over the years

rather than by synthesis. You will not find Francium in a list of chemical catalog for sale. Francium’s most long-lived isotope, Fr-223, has a half-live of a mere 22 minutes. A quick calculation based upon the annual production of uranium (Fr is the fourth daughter in the U-235 decay series), yields an estimated 1.2x10-11 grams of this elusive element in the combine worldwide uranium production bins. Expected to be the most electropositive element with an estimated Pauling electronegativity of 0.7 and combining it with fluorine (isolated in 1886 by the French pharmacist and chemist Ferdinand-Frederic-Henri Moisson), the most electronegative element (4.0) we would obtained the most stable alkali halide FrF.

During the rule of Napoleon, France led incessant battles appoints Germany (Holy Roman Empire), which broke up in 1806. From that moment on the political map of Europe the Rhine Union began life. But this did not lead to stability in political terms. Between 1815–1871, Germany consisted of countless independent states, 39 of which formed the German Union. The lack of an authoritarian centralized state explained the few of discovered chemical elements in Germany over the period – only 5 chemical elements. After that period from 1871 until the end of World War I and the postwar years several important events in Germany happened. Firstly, it was the establishment, of the Second Reich, also known as the German Empire in 18.07.1871, by Otton von Bismarck. Secondly, Germany also failed in several military battles. It lost its provinces Alsace and Lorraine in 1871 battle with France. During World War I, Germany invaded France in 1914. The war ended in 1918, when the German emperor was forced to abdicate and the German Empire was inherited from the Weimar Republic. After war lost, according to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to pay excessive reparations. The political events and postwar crisis had a great impact on the chemical development and research. Logically, in comparison to 1814–1871 (57 years with 5 discovered elements), Germany discovered from 1871 to 1933, 4 chemical elements. No matter how contradictive the period was, new chemical elements were being discovered. However, the “more terrible” period in the field of the discovering chemical elements was forthcoming in Germany.

The Versailles Peace convention along with the global economics crisis led to a strengthening of the extreme left and strong political parties in Germany. This was precisely the moment when as a head of Germany in 1934 stood Adolf Hitler and The Third Reich was established. His politics in the field of science was evaluated as very contradictory. His regular army in the beginning of war achieved impressive results in the battlefield. This was due to the industry, which was developed in order to create a number of products, need for the population in the Third Reich. This all required good scientific basis and development. But one-party totalitarian state (Nazi Germany), with its repression apparatus pursued, killed prominent politicians, scientists and artists, and culminated in the massacre of millions of Jews (Holocaust). The period 1935–1945 was

Fig. 9. Discovered elements by USA over the years

Fig. 10. Discovered elements by Russia over the years

characterized by no one chemical element had been discovered. This and the next period: 1945– 1981 (the period of Cold War between the East and the West) were “dead time for elements discovering”. Neither was found, nor synthesized (Fig. 8). Only at the end of Cold War, Germany revived its scientific research, in particular in chemistry, finding in 1981 – an element Bh. Followed series of breakthroughs in 1982, 1984, 1994, 1996 – with Mt, Hs, Ds, Rg, Cn, and their number reached 6 elements: from serial number 106 of Periodic table.

A very important point after the World War I was that new political forces have appeared at the international politics stage. The countries which left their traces in the history of the opening of chemical elements were the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which began to appear as major political forces. In geographical plan, USA has a large area, but only a single war was conducted in its territory – Civil War (1861-1865). Lack of military actions affected the normal course of business and research, the development of economy and society. Nevertheless, the USA was involved in two world wars, the military operations were conducted in Europe, Asia and Africa. This explained why the USA seemed to be at the top in 1940 by number of detected chemical elements – At, Np, Pu (Fig. 9). And more important, after this peak research, the successes of the research of the University of Berkeley continued. In the period 1945–1974 when the world was divided into two military – political blocks, the USA discovered 11 chemical elements for 29 years. This rate of discovery can be observed in the constant competition between the USA and USSR during this period in different areas. Interesting coincidence was that 104Rf and 105Db were detected at the same time by the USA and the USSR scientists. Until now, the story still couldn’t say for sure what exactly had happened. We can not generally claim for sure whether the activities in the opening chemical elements by USSR and USA were the results of the actions of the various intelligence agencies. But surely chemical discoveries were clear result of scientific work with modern equipment.

At the same time the situation in the USSR was unlike the USA. Soviet Union fell behind with the discovering chemical elements. No doubt USSR had contribution in the systematization of elements in period and groups (activities Mendeleev master of piece), but this could not be asserted about elements. In its history, Russia had discovered only 5 chemical elements (Fig. 10). Ruthenium Ru was discovered in 1844, when Tsar Nickolai I ruled. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union in parallel with USA discovered 104Rf and 105Db. Like Germany, the reason for the lack of the discovery and synthesis of new chemical elements should be search in deep communist ideology in science at that Totalitarian system, imposed by working class, with its centralized government also made an impact in the dissemination and promotion of freedom of speech and science. These limitations in the freedom of science vanished with the Berlin Wall demolition. This was indicated by the common research activities between USA and Russia in supplementing the Periodic table with two new chemical elements. The both countries with complementary actions managed to find two extra elements in 2009 and 2010, respectively – 114Fl and 116Lv.

All of all, the discovery of the chemical elements is a creative and profound work of the scientific thought during the centuries. This labour has been under strong influence of political changes, authoritatively ideologies as well as the conjectured circumstances in national and international aspect. This permit to conclude that the obstacles in political and economical point of view could slow up the development but not stopping the investigations and the need of research to study our surroundings and environment, based on the atoms of the chemical elements.

NOTES

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ТРИНАДЕСЕТИЯТ ЕЛЕМЕНТ – СПАСИТЕЛ ИЛИ ТИХ РАЗРУШИТЕЛ?

Виктория Дечкова, Никола Велчев, Нели Иванова

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF PNEUMONIA AND MENINGITIS COINFECTION WITH VACCINATION

Deborah O. Daniel, Sefiu A. Onitilo, Omolade B. Benjamin, Ayoola A. Olasunkanmi

2024 година
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2023 година
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ПОДКАСТ – КОГА, АКО НЕ СЕГА?

Христо Чукурлиев

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2022 година
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METEOROLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 DISEASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Z. Mateeva, E. Batchvarova, Z. Spasova, I. Ivanov, B. Kazakov, S. Matev, A. Simidchiev, A. Kitev

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MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF PLAMODIUM FALCIPARUM

Onitilo S. A, Usman M. A., Daniel D. O. Odetunde O. S., Ogunwobi Z. O., Hammed F. A., Olubanwo O. O., Ajani A. S., Sanusi A. S., Haruna A. H.

ПОСТАНОВКА ЗА ИЗМЕРВАНЕ СКОРОСТТА НА ЗВУКА ВЪВ ВЪЗДУХ

Станислав Сланев, Хафизе Шабан, Шебнем Шабан, Анета Маринова

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MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Sofija Blagojević, Lana Vujanović, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

„TAP, TAP WATER“ QUANTUM TUNNELING DEMONSTRATION

Katarina Borković, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

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КОМЕТИТЕ – I ЧАСТ

Пенчо Маркишки

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DISTANCE LEARNING: HOMEMADE COLLOIDAL SILVER

Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero, Jorge G. Ibanez

2021 година
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STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVE WATER ISOLATION IN GAS WELLS

Al-Obaidi S.H., Hofmann M., Smirnov V.I., Khalaf F.H., Alwan H.H.

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POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS IN EDIBLE COATING AS FISH PRESERVATIVE

Maulidan Firdaus, Desy Nila Rahmana, Diah Fitri Carolina, Nisrina Rahma Firdausi, Zulfaa Afiifah, Berlian Ayu Rismawati Sugiarto

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PROBLEM OF THE 8-TH EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD, SKOPJE, 8 MAY 2021 DETERMINATION OF PLANCK CONSTANT BY LED

Todor M. Mishonov, Aleksander P. Petkov, Matteo Andreoni, Emil G. Petkov, Albert M. Varonov, Iglika M. Dimitrova, , Leonora Velkoska, Riste Popeski-Dimovski

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INVESTIGATION OF \(^{238}\)U, \(^{234}\)U AND \(^{210}\)PO CONTENT IN SELECTED BULGARIAN DRINKING WATER

Bozhidar Slavchev, Elena Geleva, Blagorodka Veleva, Hristo Protohristov, Lyuben Dobrev, Desislava Dimitrova, Vladimir Bashev, Dimitar Tonev

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DEMONSTRATION OF DAMPED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS

Elena Grebenakova, Stojan Manolev

2020 година
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ДОЦ. Д-Р МАРЧЕЛ КОСТОВ КОСТОВ ЖИВОТ И ТВОРЧЕСТВО

Здравка Костова, Елена Георгиева

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JACOB’S LADDER FOR THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM

Kristijan Shishkoski, Vera Zoroska

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AFSHARI AND GHEZEL RAM LAMBS

Morteza Karami, Fardis Fathizadeh, Arash Yadollahi, Mehran Aboozari, Yaser Rahimian, Reza Alipoor Filabadi

КАЛЦИЙ, ФОСФОР И ДРУГИ ФАКТОРИ ЗА КОСТНО ЗДРАВЕ

Радка Томова, Светла Асенова, Павлина Косева

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THE DAY OF THE INDUCTANCE: PROBLEMS OF THE 7\(^{TH}\) EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD, SKOPJE, 2019

Todor M. Mishonov, Riste Popeski-Dimovski, Leonora Velkoska, Iglika M. Dimitrova, Vassil N. Gourev, Aleksander P. Petkov, Emil G. Petkov, Albert M. Varonov

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019 – NCOV) PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA

Sefiu A. Onitilo, Mustapha A. Usman, Olutunde S. Odetunde, Fatai A. Hammed, Zacheous O. Ogunwobi, Hammed A. Haruna, Deborah O. Daniel

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МОЛЕКУЛИТЕ НА УДОВОЛСТВИЕТО

Веселина Янкова, Снежана Демирова, Цветанка Митева, Явор Князов, Христо Желев, Димитър Георгиев, Габриела Стоянова

WATER PURIFICATION WITH LASER RADIATION

Lyubomir Lazov, Hristina Deneva, Galina Gencheva

2019 година
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LASER MICRO-PERFORATION AND FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Hristina Deneva, Lyubomir Lazov, Edmunds Teirumnieks

ПРИЛОЖНА ФОТОНИКА И АНТИОКСИДАНТНИ СВОЙСТВА НА ВИСОКООЛЕИНОВО СЛЪНЧОГЛЕДОВО МАСЛО С БИЛКОВИ ПРИМЕСИ

Кръстена Николова, Стефка Минкова, Поли Радушева, Георги Бошев, Еркан Фаридин, Нурал Джамбазов, Мариана Перифанова-Немска

ПРОЦЕСЪТ ДИФУЗИЯ – ОСНОВА НА ДИАЛИЗАТА

Берна Сабит, Джемиле Дервиш, Мая Никова, Йорданка Енева

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OLIVE LEAF EXTRACTS – CAPSULES VERSUS POWDER

Hugo Saint-James, Gergana Bekova, Zhanina Guberkova, Nadya Hristova-Avakumova, Liliya Atanasova, Svobodan Alexandrov, Trayko Traykov, Vera Hadjimitova

2019 − THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov, Dessislava Gerginova, Alexander Zahariev

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

Б. В. Тошев

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ЗЕЛЕНА ХИМИЯ В УЧИЛИЩНАТА ЛАБОРАТОРИЯ

Александрия Генджова, Мая Тавлинова-Кирилова, Александра Камушева

ON THE GENETIC TIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS

Jordan Tabov, Nevena Sabeva-Koleva, Georgi Gachev

CAN BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER

Nadya Kantareva-Baruh

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CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL LIFE IN VARNA

Radka Tomova, Petinka Galcheva, Ivajlo Trajkov, Antoaneta Hineva, Stela Grigorova, Rumyana Slavova, 6Miglena Slavova

ЦИКЛИТЕ НА КРЕБС

Ивелин Кулев

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ПРИНЦИПИТЕ НА КАРИЕРНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЛАДИЯ УЧЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, С. Кирилова, П. Петков, В. Симеонов

UTILISATION OF THE STATIC EVANS METHOD TO MEASURE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF TRANSITION METAL ACETYLACETONATE COMPLEXES AS PART OF AN UNDERGRADUATE INORGANIC LABORATORY CLASS

Anton Dobzhenetskiy, Callum A. Gater, Alexander T. M. Wilcock, Stuart K. Langley, Rachel M. Brignall, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

A TALE OF SEVEN SCIENTISTS

Savina Kirilova

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DEVELOPMENT OF A LESSON PLAN ON THE TEACHING OF MODULE “WATER CONDUCTIVITY”

A. Thysiadou, S. Christoforidis, P. Giannakoudakis

AMPEROMETRIC NITRIC OXIDE SENSOR BASED ON MWCNT CHROMIUM(III) OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE

Arsim Maloku, Epir Qeriqi, Liridon S. Berisha, Ilir Mazreku, Tahir Arbneshi, Kurt Kalcher

THE EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON Mg/Al HYDROTALCITES STRUCTURES

Eddy Heraldy, Triyono, Sri Juari Santosa, Karna Wijaya, Shogo Shimazu

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A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов, Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDY OF BSCCO (2212) CUPRATE CERAMIC ADDITIVE TO THE ZINC ELECTRODE IN Ni-Zn BATTERIES

A. Vasev, P. Lilov, G. Ivanova, Y. Marinov, A. Stoyanova, V. Mikli, A. Stoyanova-Ivanova

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE SCHIFF BASES A ND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-TYROSINASE AND DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES

Maya Chochkova, Boyka Stoykova, Iva Romanova, Petranka Petrova, Iva Tsvetkova, Hristo Najdenski, Lubomira Nikolaeva- Glomb, Nadya Nikolova, Galya Ivanova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, Ivan Nemec

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА СЪДЪРЖАЩИТЕ СЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕНИ РАДИОНУКЛИДИ В НЕВЕН И ЛАЙКА

Сияна Димова, Цветелина Стефанова, Йорданка Енева, Нина Архангелова

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, И. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТЪТ ПО ПРИЛОЖНА ФИЗИКА И НЕГОВАТА РОЛЯ ПРИ УСВОЯВАНЕТО НА ПРАКТИКО-ПРИЛОЖНИТЕ ЗНАНИЯ ОТ КУРСАНТИТЕ И СТУДЕНТИТЕ

Николай Тодоров Долчинков, Бонка Енчева Караиванова-Долчинкова, Nikolay Dolchinkov, Bonka Karaivanova-Dolchinkova

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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PHYSICS IS AN EVER YOUNG SCIENCE

Temenuzhka Yovcheva

ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ТЪМНАТА МАТЕРИЯ В КЛАСНАТА СТАЯ

Симона Стоянова, Анета Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА СИСТЕМА ОТ УЧЕБНИ ИНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ПО ФИЗИКА И ОЦЕНКА НА ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАТА ИМ СТОЙНОСТ

Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

ИНОВАЦИИ В БОРБАТА С ТУМОРНИ ОБРАЗУВАНИЯ – ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧРЕЗ БРАХИТЕРАПИЯ

Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

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АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

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ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL) ETHYLIDENEAMINO] -PHENYL] -THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
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GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

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47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

SYNTHESIS OF TiO 2-M (Cd, Co, Mn) AS A PHOTOCATALYST DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND <i>IN VITRO</i> ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF <i>PRIMULA VERIS</i> (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

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„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

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OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

CHEMOMETRICASSISTEDSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE AND DOMEPERIDONE IN BULK AND COMMERCIAL DOSAGE FORM

Farheen Sami, Shahnaz Majeed, Tengku Azlan Shah Tengku Mohammed, Noor Fatin Amalina Kamaruddin, Mohammad Zulhimi Atan, Syed Amir Javid Bukhari, Namra, Bushra Hasan, Mohammed Tahir Ansari

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF <i>TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS</i> (L. ) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

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ПРИРОДОНАУЧНАТА ГРАМОТНОСТ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ В НАЧАЛОТО НА XXI ВЕК – В ТЪРСЕНЕ НА КОНЦЕПТУАЛНО ЕДИНСТВО

Теодора Коларова, Иса Хаджиали, Мимия Докова, Веселин Александров

COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO) -PHENYL] -PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

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2016 година
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THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

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VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

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ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

Надежда Райчева, Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Виктория Нечева

EXISTING NATURE OF SCIENCE TEACHING OF A THAI IN-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHER

Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CUCURBITA MELO GROWING IN KOSOVO

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

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CONTEXT-BASED CHEMISTRY LAB WORK WITH THE USE OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, E.M. Podshivalova, B.I. Bortnik

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ПО ПЪТЯ ON THE ROAD

Б. В. Тошев

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN CHEMISTRY

Stela Georgieva, Petar Todorov, Zlatina Genova, Petia Peneva

2015 година
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COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Nikoleta Ivanova, Yana Tsoneva, Nina Ilkova, Anela Ivanova

SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova, Gulay Ahmed, Michael Bredol, Stoyan Gutzov

INTERFACIAL REORGANIZATION OF MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES USED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

KINETICS OF THE OSMOTIC PROCESS AND THE POLARIZATION EFFECT

Boryan P. Radoev, Ivan L. Minkov, Emil D. Manev

WETTING BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL AND A SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTIC PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

Lidia Alexandrova, Michail Nedyalkov, Dimo Platikanov

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TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

APPLICATION OF LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS NONDESDUCTRIVE AND SAFE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS

Amir Hossein Farhadian, Masoud Kavosh Tehrani, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Seyyed Mohamad Reza Darbany, Mehran Karimi, Amir Hossein Rezayi

THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

Azadeh Ghasemizadeh, Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Alireza Nezamzade Ejhieh

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER’S WATER OF LUMBARDHI PEJA (KOSOVO)

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

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БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

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ТЕМАТА ВЪГЛЕХИДРАТИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Радка Томова, Елена Бояджиева, Миглена Славова, Мариан Николов

BILINGUAL COURSE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL1)

V. Kolarski, D. Marinkova, R. Raykova, D. Danalev, S. Terzieva

ХИМИЧНИЯТ ОПИТ – НАУКА И ЗАБАВА

Елица Чорбаджийска, Величка Димитрова, Магдалена Шекерлийска, Галина Бальова, Методийка Ангелова

ЕКОЛОГИЯТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Здравка Костова

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SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Boyka Stoykova, Maya Chochkova, Galya Ivanova, Luchia Mukova, Nadya Nikolova, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavel Vojtíšek, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, David Havlíček

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS

Radoslav Chayrov, Vesela Veselinova, Vasilka Markova, Luchia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

NEW DERIVATIVES OF OSELTAMIVIR WITH BILE ACIDS

Kiril Chuchkov, Silvia Nakova, Lucia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

Maria Vakarelska-Popovska, Zhivko Velkov

LEU-ARG ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS, IR CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCKING STUDIES

Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tamara Pajpanova

LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AC 11S AS A BIOCATALYST IN MICROBIAL ELECYTOLYSIS CELL

Elitsa Chorbadzhiyska, Yolina Hubenova, Sophia Yankova, Dragomir Yankov, Mario Mitov

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF ANTIMONY WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

K. B. Omarov, Z. B. Absat, S. K. Aldabergenova, A. B. Siyazova, N. J. Rakhimzhanova, Z. B. Sagindykova

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TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lilyana Nacheva-Skopalik, Milena Koleva

ФОРМИРАЩО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ PEER INSTRUCTION С ПОМОЩТА НА PLICКERS ТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА

Ивелина Коцева, Мая Гайдарова, Галина Ненчева

VAPOR PRESSURES OF 1-BUTANOL OVER WIDE RANGE OF THEMPERATURES

Javid Safarov, Bahruz Ahmadov, Saleh Mirzayev, Astan Shahverdiyev, Egon Hassel

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РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

Огнян Димитров, Здравка Костова

NAMING OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova

2014 година
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LUBRICATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PENTAERYTHRITOL-OLEIC ACID REACTION PRODUCTS

Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani

ALLELOPATHIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE SSP. VULGARE GROWING WILD IN BULGARIA

Asya Pencheva Dragoeva, Vanya Petrova Koleva, Zheni Dimitrova Nanova, Mariya Zhivkova Kaschieva, Irina Rumenova Yotova

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GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Н.H.Petruchenia, M.I.Vorovka

МНОГОВАРИАЦИОННА СТАТИСТИЧЕСКА ОЦЕНКА НА DREEM – БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗПРИЕМАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА СРЕДА ОТ СТУДЕНТИТЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – СОФИЯ

Радка Томова, Павлина Гатева, Радка Хаджиолова, Зафер Сабит, Миглена Славова, Гергана Чергарова, Васил Симеонов

MUSSEL BIOADHESIVES: A TOP LESSON FROM NATURE

Saâd Moulay Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, Algeria

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ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

Силвия Боянова Професионална гимназия „Акад. Сергей П. Корольов“ – Дупница

ЕСЕТО КАТО ИНТЕГРАТИВЕН КОНСТРУКТ – НОРМАТИВЕН, ПРОЦЕСУАЛЕН И ОЦЕНЪЧНО-РЕЗУЛТАТИВЕН АСПЕКТ

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44<sup>-ТA</sup> МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

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Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Надежда Райчева

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N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, L.I. Mironova

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА: БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА В ГОДИНАТА 3000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. 3.

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ВИСША МАТЕМАТИКА ЗА УЧИТЕЛИ, УЧЕНИЦИ И СТУДЕНТИ: ДИФЕРЕНЦИАЛНО СМЯТАНЕ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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BOTYU ATANASSOV BOTEV

Zdravka Kostova, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

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КАК ДА МОТИВИРАМЕ УЧЕНИЦИТЕ OT VII КЛАС ДА УЧАТ

Маргарита Бозова, Петко Бозов

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

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2013 година
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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ШЕСТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА“

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: SOME RECENT PERIODICALS (2013)

Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education

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„Образователни стандарти и природонаучна грамотност“ – това е темата на състоялата се от 25 до 27 октомври 2013 г. в Габрово 45. Национална конфе- ренция на учителите по химия с международно участие, която по традиция се проведе комбинирано с Годишната конференция на Българското дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията. Изборът на темата е предизвикан от факта, че развиването на природонаучна грамотност е обща тенденция на реформите на учебните програми и главна

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ЗА ХИМИЯТА НА БИРАТА

Ивелин Кулев

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Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

Srihari Murthy Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, India

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS MODERATE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT

Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, Vicent Sanjosé Universitat de Valènciа, Spain

POLYMETALLIC COMPEXES: CV. SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC, XRD, MOLECULAR MODELLING AND POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMERIC COMPLEXES OF Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) AND Hg(II) WITH OCTADENTATE AZODYE LIGANDS

Bipin B. Mahapatra, S. N. Dehury, A. K. Sarangi, S. N. Chaulia G. M. Autonomous College, India Covt. College of Engineering Kalahandi, India DAV Junior College, India

ПРОФЕСОР ЕЛЕНА КИРКОВА НАВЪРШИ 90 ГОДИНИ

CELEBRATING 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR ELENA KIRKOVA

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SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

M.E.A. Mohammed, Ali Abeer, Fatima Elsamani, O.M. Elsheikh, Abdulrizak Hodow, O. Khamis Haji

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G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАДИКАЛ-УЛАВЯЩА СПОСОБНОСТ

Станислав Станимиров, Живко Велков

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COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

Vanessa BIANDA, Jos-Antonio CONSTENLA, Rolf HAUBRICHS, Pierre-Lonard ZAFFALON

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Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

ЦАРСКАТА ПЕЩЕРА

Рафаил ПОПОВ

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Учебни лаборатории Илюстрации от каталог на Franz Hugershoff, Лайциг, притежаван от бъдещия

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ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

Marina I. Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Bojan T. Šoptrajanov

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ПЕТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

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Васил Симеонов

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КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

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ROLE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES TO STUDY MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote Lokmanya Tilak Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Nilkanthrao Shinde College, INDIA

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IBUPROFEN AND RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING UV SPECTROPHOT O METRIC METHOD

Jadupati Malakar, Amit Kumar Nayak Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, INDIA

GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

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TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

Małgorzata Nodzyńska, Jan Rajmund Paśko

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Маша Радославова, Ася Драгоева

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CATALITIC VOLCANO

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Чл. 1. Съставянето и издаване на учебници се предоставя на частната инициа- тива. Забележка: На учителите – съставители на учебници се запрещава сами да разпродават своите учебници. Чл. 2. Министерството на народното просвещение може да определя премии по конкурс за съставяне на учебници за горните класове на гимназиите и специ- алните училища. Чл. 3. Никой учебник не може да бъде въведен в училищата, ако предварително не е прегледан и одобрен от Министерството на народното просвещение. Чл.

JOHN DEWEY: HOW WE THINK (1910)

John Dewey (1859 – 1952)

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ЗА СПЕЦИАЛНОСТИТЕ В ОБЛАСТТА НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В СОФИЙСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ

1. Биология Студентите от специалност Биология придобиват знания и практически умения в областта на биологическите науки, като акцентът е поставен на организмово равнище. Те се подготвят да изследват биологията на организмите на клетъчно- организмово, популационно и екосистемно ниво в научно-функционален и прило- жен аспект, с оглед на провеждане на научно-изследователска, научно-приложна, производствена и педагогическа дейност. Чрез широк набор избираеми и факул- тативни курсове студентите

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УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

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Бурният развой на естествознанието във всичките му клонове през XIX –ия век предизвика дълбоки промени в мирогледа на културния свят, в техниката и в индустрията, в социалните отношения и в държавните интереси. Можем ли днес да си представим един философ, един държавен мъж, един обществен деец, един индустриалец, просто един културен човек, който би могъл да игнорира придобив- ките на природните науки през последния век. Какви ужасни катастрофи, какви социални сътресения би сполетяло съвре

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MURPHY’S LAW IN CHEMISTRY

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Донка Ташева, Пенка Цанова

СЕМЕЙНИ УЧЕНИЧЕСКИ ВЕЧЕРИНКИ

Семейството трябва да познава училишето и училишето трябва да познава семейството. Взаимното познанство се налага от обстоятелството, че те, макар и да са два различни по природата си фактори на възпитанието, преследват една и съща проста цел – младото поколение да бъде по-умно, по-нравствено, физически по-здраво и по-щастливо от старото – децата да бъдат по-щастливи от родителите