Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2014/6, стр. 904 - 913

THE ORIGINS OF SECONDARY AND TERTIARY GENERAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL VIEWS FROM THE 21ST CENTURY

Резюме:

Ключови думи:

Introduction: new challenges of modern education and their historical background

Each educational system is built to meet the demands of social environment. Changing environment immediately creates new educational demands. The full list of knowledge necessary for normal life changes in accordance with changes in the social environment. Some old skills and laws are not required any longer and some new ones become useful. Therefore the time of active learning constantly increases. As the result, the period of education gets longer in each century. Modern education is connected with new ways of personal mobility like faculties, students, globalization of didactic technologies and computerisation. These factors are serious challenges for university staff (Romanenko & Nikitina, 2012). The education time comparisons of education technologies are usually not long term. Moreover, they do not take into account geographical and cultural specifics of an educational system. As a result, there is an urgent need for the critical study of the origin of education in any country. The history of European education is described in detail in several books (Riché, 2005; Heiman, 1985; De Ridder-Symoens, 1992; Cook, 1974; Gultek, 1995). However, education technologies in African and some Asian countries may be regarded as in their infancy. Processes in the area where several East Slavonic tribes lived may be treated as intermediate. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to illuminate the process of the first steps of education at secondary and tertiary levels in Russia. All data of interested knowing is presented in the well-known sources. We only gathered it together and presented our results to the readers who have curiosity to know something about the history of Russian education. The main part of the materials was published in Russian. We provided the list of these materials in the overview (Romanenko & Nikitina, 2000).

One has to discuss a set of problems to select correctly the original time for study. Let us clarify the preliminary points. At first, it will be a concept of higher education. Higher education is a process of creating special knowledge, skills and abilities – KSA. These KSA are professionally oriented. However, education at the primary level creates simpler KSA. Yet they are mandatory for all trainees. Secondly, let us determine the general education for colleges with different structures which have timetables, standard curriculum, and group classes. The standard curriculum remains the same from year to year. Such education in Western Europe originated at the Renaissance (Riché, 2005; Heiman M, 1985; De Rider-Symoens, 1992; Cook, 1974; Gultek, 1995). It is well known that hierarchy of levels is necessary for this type of education. According to John Amos Сomenius (Jan Komensky) (Schaller, 1962), the full curriculum requires no less than four levels. The fi rst level is elementary. It creates general KSA. Secondary and tertiary levels create specified competences. After finishing the second level the students have to be taught seven liberal arts. The University curriculum is usually divided into two major levels. To enroll in the University, each freshman has to finish an independent primary school. This system has been used in all Western European Universities since the end of medieval ages (Cubberley, 1920).

The origin of higher education in the lands of East Slavonic population went slower relative to the Western European states. Creating the new educational system took approximately two centuries (Romanenko & Nikitina, 2000; Cubberley, 1920). The borders of the states in this area were not stable at that time. Unlike Western Europe the cultural and confessional space in the East European Slaves was more heterogeneous. Many of different confessional and secular schools which were known in this area at this period never influenced the curriculum of the future Russian Universities. Therefore it is necessary to take into account the institutes where curriculum was partially taught in the Latin and other languages. Slavonic and Greek languages taught using the curriculum and Orthodox theology are necessary for determination of the objects of study. New schools and scholar centers were not established immediately. It was a long lasting process. The native inhabitants of East Europe had their own educational prehistory which affected new schools. The historical development of three modern East Slavic nations was not simple. It was more dramatic and complex than can be imagined at the first glance. Yet in the area of inter cultural contacts these nations were very close. Their mutual affinity was visible and positive. Respectively, it would be better to study their historical and cultural growth together. The common history of these tribes permits one to study all peculiarities of the origin of higher education in Russia.

Crescent way from Vilnus via Polotsk and Kyiv to Moscow

European development of medieval Kyiv Rus’ was interrupted by the invasion of Mongolians. A few years after the fall of Kyiv on December 6th, 1240 the area of East Slavic people was divided into two big parts. In one of them, small towns gradually merged around Moscow. Eventually they became Russia. The second part incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Eidintas et al., 2013; Magoocsi, 1966; Plokhy, 2010; Bain, 1908). The cultural level of incorporated Slavic population was high enough to drive the native Lithuanian inhabitants into the area of Slavonic cultural tradition. As a result, Lithuania transformed into so-called Drugaya Rus’. It may be translated as Second Russia or Other Russia. The old Russian language became the offi cial state language in this state. The Grand Duchy of Lithuanian, Russian and Zhemoitian became the official title of this State. In some ancient documents, one can fi nd the name of the inhabitants of this State. It was Christian people Russian and Lithuanian (Eidintas et al., 2013). Stage by stage the situation in Lithuania changed. In 1386 the so-called Union of Krew was formed. This was the fi rst step towards formation of the Union of Lublin of 1569. The new united state Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was established. The Slavic areas were painlessly divided between Polish Crown and Lithuanian Duchy (Eidintas et al., 2013; Magoocsi, 1966; Plokhy, 2010; Bain, 1908). These parts were the seeds of creation of two modern nations. The fi rst one was Ukrainian. It was under Poland. The second part was Belorussian. It was on the Lithuanian land. Different confessions lived in peace for several decades on the lands of this unifi ed state. Catholic, Orthodox, and some reformation confessions were recognized there in practical life. There was a period when the Gusist’s rebels and Poland people discussed a possibility of creating a new union between Commonwealth and Czechs. This idea was proposed at the time of reformats’ war in the Czech’s lands.

A lot of different schools were established during this period in this part of East Europa. In 1566, in the town of Vilnius, the school of civil law sciences was formed. In 1579, in the same town, Academia was established. The King Stephen Bathory transformed it very soon into the University. The subjects in this University were taught not only in Latin but also in Slavonic language. Moreover, a part of Orthodox literature was printed there in the Latin language during this short period. Before the Vilnius and Kyiv Academies were established all inhabitants of this area who wanted to study in universities could move freely in the Western Universities. The most known and popular Universities were the ones in Krakov, Prague, Padua, Bolognia, Leipzig, Wittenberg and Königsberg. A number of South Russian towns adopted Magdeburg Law. Briefl y, these lands were a cradle of new East Slavonic culture and education. The main point of this cultural region was Polotsk, one of the largest market cities of this time. It was the capital of Duchy. In this part of the land they also started East Slavonic book printing, which is connected with the famous name of Fransisk Skorina. He was born and received his primary education in the town of Polotsk.

It is well known what happened later. Catholic activity started then in the part of Poland Crown. Jesuits appeared in the State. They took all curriculum under the strict control. Special colleges were created by them for these purposes. Polonisation of Lithuania started. The University at Vilnius was temporarily closed. After its re-opening, this University was transformed into a typical Western institution with curriculum taught only in Latin. As result of these processes, the Cossack uprising led by Bogdan Khmel’nitsky began (Toynbee, 1960). This Cossack uprising and civil war were of inter-confessional nature in their form. These events caused a fight against Catholics in Moscow. At the same time, a fight of the noble people of Orthodox confession started in the areas around Moscow. Inter-confessional fight led to a creation of independent Orthodox brotherhoods. These brotherhoods were originated as unions of laymen. They recognized Orthodox fraternities as offi cial. The primary Slavonic literacy was the main goal of these brotherhood schools. Several famous persons of Slavic culture and arts got their basic KSA in these brotherhood schools. At this time, the most powerful Orthodox magnate was Prince K. Ostrozky. He was influenced by Western culture. At 1580 he established a new Academy in the town of Ostrorog where they taught in Latin and the curriculum was open to Greek.

Most leaders of the Cossack uprising were well educated. The most famous leader of Cossacks Bogdan Khmel’nitsky had an excellent cultural background. He finished the Jesuit College at Lviv (L’vov), and had good command of several foreign languages. His officers were well educated too. The detachment of hired Cossacks of 2,000 persons participated in the siege of Dunkerk in 1645 supporting France. Cossacks of John III Sobiesky (Jan Sobiesky) were a key part of European troops during the second defense of Vienna in 1683 (Toynbee, 1960). All these events prove good cultural background of Cossack officers and their knowledge of foreign languages. Thus, the lands of Western and South-Western Slavic population created the conditions for establishing fully Orthodox Slavic education. In 1615 the fraternity of Kyiv established a brotherhood school which after some transformations became the well-known Kyiv-Mohila Academy (Ševčenko, 1984; Hosking, 2012). It was named in honor of Petr Mohila, who was one of its founders. This Academy was recognized by Russian Tsars. It was one of the oldest academic and theological schools among the East European countries. This Academy was transformed into a theological school at 1819 and was reborn as a non-state University in modern times. We can say the problem of independent Orthodox education in the area of East Slavs was solved after formation of this Academy.

So, during this period, the new culture and Slavic education spread through the whole area of the East Slavic part of Western Europe. In particular, some Belorussian lands and towns such as Polotsk and Vilnius side by side with Lviv (L’vov) were the first seeds in the field of education of East Slavic languages. The Kyiv-Mohila Academy, and partially the University of Vilnius were the first East-Slavic institutes of higher education. The track of establishing Slavic higher education was in a form of a geographical arc: from Lithuania and Belarus via Kyiv towards Moscow. In terms of time frame, the intensity of this process was very high. The University at Vilnius was established in 1579, the Kyiv Academy was established in 1632, and finally the Moscow Academy was established in 1687. The formation of the Moscow Academy is the final point of the preliminary stage of educational reform in Russia.

This educational arc track from Vilnius via Polotsk and Kyiv to Moscow was in the areas of three modern States: Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Polotsk, Kyiv and Novgorod the Great were the main towns of these areas at that time. The majestic cathedrals of Holy Sophia were built in these three towns. These three cathedrals were built nearly simultaneously. The fi rst wooden church in Novgorod was established in 949. Soon it was rebuilt in stone. This reconstruction was finished in 1045. There are two approximate dates of the Kyiv stone cathedral building. The fi rst one was 1017, the second was 1037. The Holy Sophia in Polotsk was erected in the period of 10441066 (Ševčenko, 1984; Hosking, 2012). In traditional Orthodox confession, Sophia is frequently treated as Divine Wisdom. The three cathedrals were built with principal architectural novelty: they have five independent domes. It was the obvious influence of the famous Holy Sophia Cathedral in the City of Constantinople (Bizantie). This City was a traditional center of Orthodox culture and education. So, we can say these three cathedrals were the symbols of education. They were very notable points on the educational way from Western lands to Moscow. It is interesting to note the cathedrals named by Holy Sophia are seldom in East Slavonic states. That is why we say the ancient inhabitants of East Slavonic lands understood very well the real importance of education.

The first Russian university

Unlike Lithuania and Poland, the problems with regular education in Muscovian (Moscow) lands were more difficult (Kloczowski, 2008; Dawis, 1996; Kliuchevsky, 1913). Despite the difficulties connected with the Tatar-Mongol pressure, the contacts between Moscow and Western Europe were active. However, no special institutions for elementary and higher forms of education were known there at this period. Many authorities of Moscow were very well educated. Some of them were influenced by Western culture. Tsar John (Ivan) IV – John the Terrible, and his grandfather John III like several noble persons left behind a great epistolary heritage (Dawis, 1996; Kliuchevsky, 1913). Yet, in all these cases, one can see the results of personal teaching only. The need in well-educated and excellently taught persons certainly existed in each State. Tsar John IV tried to fi nd a way to create a group of well educated persons. His death and the death of his son Feodor meant the end of the Moscow branch of the Rurik Dynasty. The new Tsar Boris Godunov was a brother-in-law of Feodor (Dawis, 1996; Kliuchevsky, 1913; Soloviev, 1976-1991). The unprecedented closeness of Moscow to many Western countries was observed during his reign (Kliuchevsky, 1913). The documents of this period say Boris Godunov dreamed about the formation of a high school in Moscow. It was supposed that teachers would have to be invited from Western Europe. Godunov repeated the idea of John the Terrible to send some young civilians to learn in England. Yet, none of them returned back to Moscow.

After the death of Boris Godunov, a long period of the civil war, Polish invasion, and several uprisings began. This period is known as the Time of Trouble, which fi nished only in 1613. The reign of the new Romanovs’ Dynasty started. All Tsars of Romanovs’ house had a desperate need for well educated people. The young Russian State needed persons with diplomatic competence, persons who could count taxes, operate with results, and so on. The new Russian State claimed a new position in the Orthodox world. Therefore, the problem of correction of Orthodox confessional books was created. We shall not discuss the reform of Patriarch Nikon. Yet, we can say for its realization the State needed to have well educated and competent persons whom Russia really did not have at that time. We can say that the State needed the reformation of all kinds of its existence and that there were no persons available for such work. We can’t say the period of Tsar Alexis (Aleksei Mikhailovich in Russian) was calm. These were long years of wars and uprisings. The result of the so-called Treaty in Pereyaslav in 1648 was the incorporation of the Left Bank Ukraine into Muscovia (Plokhy, 2010; Hosking, 2012). After this event a lot of educated monks under the auspices of Feodor Rtishchev moved from Kyiv to Moscow. Famous Epiphanius Slaventsky was one of them. The main goal of inviting these people to Moscow was to try them for teaching a new generation of Moscow youth. Tsar Alexis understood the need for well-educated persons. He took serious care about the education of his own children. Well educated and gifted in writing Simeon Polotsky (1629-1680) from Kyiv was invited for this purpose. Later he took an active part in organization of the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. The charter of its establishment was signed in 1682. Yet, the Academy as a real institution began its operation after 1685-1687. It operated under the guidance of two Greek monks. Over 70 students were enrolled in it.

Not only the children of Tsar Alexis were well educated. The closest assistants of the Tsar, such as F. Rtishchshev and A. Ordin-Nashchekin, were also good educated and knew several foreign languages. First of all, all of them knew Latin, and frequently Polish and German. At this period, Polish language in the area of East Europe, like Latin, was the main language of international contacts. One of the main persons of the next reign was the Duke V. Golitsin. He is remembered as a brilliantly educated person. Golitsin wanted to send the children of famous families for education in Western countries. This idea was known earlier at the reign of John the Terrible. At the period of Alexis’ reign, many noble persons were educated in Ukraine. For example, it was someone named Ozerov who started as an assistant of Rtishchev in Kyiv-Mohila Academy.

During the period of Alexis’ reign, there was an intense growth of cultural development. At this time a set of festivals in the palaces of the Tsar were accompanied with different performances. All actors moved with the Tsar from place to place. Thus, the need for setting up new educational institutions can be seen in the pre-Peter Russia. There was a real base for foundation of these institutions. Yet, there were some problems with finding the teaching staff. The first time when the State recognized this problem was at the time of correction of Confessional literature. Competent persons were invited from Ukraine for church reform, and also for personal education and educational institutions. The Greeks were invited more carefully. They lived in the Muslims areas and that is why they were frequently suspected in close contacts with Muslims priests, and scientists. After agreement between Moscow and Cossacks at Pereyaslav many educated persons moved from Ukraine and Poland to Moscow. The cultural flow from Ukraine to Moscow at that time was as intensive as never again (Dawis, 1996). That is why the period of the end of XVII till the beginning of XVIII century was the period of implementing a set of educational, philosophical and confessional European ideas from Ukraine into the Russian society. As a result, the teachers’ staff came to Russia via Ukraine in the framework of the whole cultural stream. Most of new teachers belonged to the same Orthodox confession as the native Russians. Opposite this, some personal teachers in wealthy families sometimes belonged to the other confessions. To prevent this, the private teaching was strongly forbidden immediately after the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy had been established. All Russian authorities were afraid of Latin influence. Teaching was allowed to Russian or Greek persons only. Yet, Greek teachers had to possess special documents confirming their strong positions in Orthodoxy.

We can study now how the new forms of education were created in the Eastern part of the Russian world. Contacts between Russia and Western countries existed at all times of their history. Soloviev (1976-1991) wrote: “Our ancient history has more connections with the West that we can imagine at the first glance”. The period of Tsar Alexis’ reign was the most favorable time for establishing of inter-cultural contacts between Russia and Western Europe. Also Soloviev wrote that this was the only period of Russian history when it was organic unity of personal contacts and inter cultural exchange with national originality.

The first institution of higher education was the well-known Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academia. The first name of this Academia was Ellino-Greek Academia. It was founded in 1687 at the reign of Feodor III (Feodor Alekseevich in Russian) who was the elder brother of Peter I. Feodor Alekseevich ruled from 1676 till 1682 (Kliuchevsky, 1913; Heiman, 1993; Soloviev, 1976-1991; Martin, 2008). The curriculum in the new Academia included Slavonic, Greek, and Latin languages, seven free arts and theology. It was a traditional curriculum of the West European universities at that time. Most of the teachers in this Academy were of Kyiv and Polotsk origin. Some of them graduated from Western Universities. By 1811, the special Russian University education became quite effective. That year, the Academia was transformed into theological institution. After a little while, in 1814 it was transformed again into the Ecclesiastical Academy. This year it moved to the Troitse-Sergievskaya Lavra. It currently exists now in the same form and in the same place.

This first institution of higher education in Russia did not meet all necessary requirements of the University. The death of Tsar Feodor Alekseevich suspended the process of creating a new educational system in Russia. It continued at the time of Emperor Peter the First. His educational reforms were devoted primarily to establishing military and medicine schools. In 1724 he signed the principal order. This order proclaimed the foundation of the new Science-Educational system: Academy of Science, Academical University and Academical Gymnasium (Romanenko & Nikitina, 2000). New members of the Academy, named academical professors, were invited from Western Europe. Most of the teachers of University faculties and gymnasium were also invited from different Western Countries. The Academy as an active institution started in 1725 after Peter the First’s death. The gymnasium also started its work without serious problems. The process of teaching in the new University was more complex. Invited professors had obligations to give a certain number of lectures and classes. Yet, there were no students in this University and professors were forced to lecture each other. This Institution had such a strange fate. Yet, all known documents supported the idea that this was really the first regular University of Western type in Russia. Therefore, the celebration of the 275th Anniversary of the first university in Russia, which took place in 1999 in Saint-Petersburg, was not accidental. Continuous operation of the University began in Saint-Petersburg from 1819 at the reign of Emperor Alexander I. So, it took about one century to organize regular education in this institution. Approximately in the middle of this period, namely on January 23rd, 1755, the Moscow University was inaugurated. This date is celebrated every year as the Day of Russian students. For many years after this event there was a dispute whether Saint-Petersburg University or Moscow one is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. In the century after Peter I death some technical high schools were also created in Russia. Several secular higher education institutes were also formed between 1724 and 1819. So, a long way of formation of the system of regular higher professional schools was successfully completed in the second decade of the XIX century. After this, the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy was transformed into a theological school. The Emperor Alexander I established many gymnasiums. During the period of the following reign of Nikolay I, a number of higher professional schools and Universities were set up. In view of this, we can say that in the first half of the XIX century, the regular education in Russia at all necessary levels transformed into a strong active system which itself was similar to the one of Western European countries.

REFERENCES

Bain, R.N. (1908). Slavonic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cook, T.G. (1974). The history of education in Europe. New York: Beeekman.

Cubberley, E.P. (1920). The history of education: educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of Western civilization. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Dawis, N. (1996). Europe: history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

De Ridder-Symoens, H. (1992). History of the university in Europe: in two volumes. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Eidintas, A., Bumblauskas, A., Kulakauskas, A. & Tamočaitis, M. (2013). The history of Lithuania: Vilnius: Eugrimas.

Gutek, G.L. (1995). A history of the western educational experience. Long Grove: Waveland Press.

Heiman, N.M. (1993) Russian history. New York: McGraw-Hill Co.

Hosking, G. (2012). Russia history: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kliuchevsky, V.O. (1913). Russian history. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.

Kloczowski, J. (2008). A history of Polish Christianity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Magocsi, P.R. (1966). A history of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Martin, J. (2007). Medieval Russia: 980-1584. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Plokhy, S. (2010). The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Riché, P. (2005) Education and culture in the Barbarian West: from the sixth through the eight century. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

Romanenko, V. & Nikitina, G. (2000). The oigin of the regular university education in East-Slavonic states. Herald Saint-Petersburg Brrnch of RANS , 4(1), 22-28 [In Russian].

Romanenko, V., Nikitina, G. (2012). Developing of new knowledge: challenges and solutions of 21th century. Proceedings 11th Intern. Conference: Engineering for Rural Development, 11, 635-638.

Schaller, K. (1962). Die Pädagogik des Johann Amos Komenius und die Anfänge des pädagogisches Realismus im 17 Jahrhundert. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.

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Soloviev, S.M. (1976-1991). History of Russia from the earliest times. Gulf Breeze: Academic International Press.

Toynbee, A.J. (1960). A study of history: abridgment of volumes I-X in one volume. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Пенчо Маркишки

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DISTANCE LEARNING: HOMEMADE COLLOIDAL SILVER

Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero, Jorge G. Ibanez

2021 година
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STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVE WATER ISOLATION IN GAS WELLS

Al-Obaidi S.H., Hofmann M., Smirnov V.I., Khalaf F.H., Alwan H.H.

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POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS IN EDIBLE COATING AS FISH PRESERVATIVE

Maulidan Firdaus, Desy Nila Rahmana, Diah Fitri Carolina, Nisrina Rahma Firdausi, Zulfaa Afiifah, Berlian Ayu Rismawati Sugiarto

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INVESTIGATION OF 238U, 234U AND 210PO CONTENT IN SELECTED BULGARIAN DRINKING WATER

Bozhidar Slavchev, Elena Geleva, Blagorodka Veleva, Hristo Protohristov, Lyuben Dobrev, Desislava Dimitrova, Vladimir Bashev, Dimitar Tonev

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DEMONSTRATION OF DAMPED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS

Elena Grebenakova, Stojan Manolev

2020 година
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ДОЦ. Д-Р МАРЧЕЛ КОСТОВ КОСТОВ ЖИВОТ И ТВОРЧЕСТВО

Здравка Костова, Елена Георгиева

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JACOB’S LADDER FOR THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM

Kristijan Shishkoski, Vera Zoroska

КАЛЦИЙ, ФОСФОР И ДРУГИ ФАКТОРИ ЗА КОСТНО ЗДРАВЕ

Радка Томова, Светла Асенова, Павлина Косева

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MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019 – NCOV) PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA

Sefiu A. Onitilo, Mustapha A. Usman, Olutunde S. Odetunde, Fatai A. Hammed, Zacheous O. Ogunwobi, Hammed A. Haruna, Deborah O. Daniel

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WATER PURIFICATION WITH LASER RADIATION

Lyubomir Lazov, Hristina Deneva, Galina Gencheva

2019 година
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LASER MICRO-PERFORATION AND FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Hristina Deneva, Lyubomir Lazov, Edmunds Teirumnieks

ПРОЦЕСЪТ ДИФУЗИЯ – ОСНОВА НА ДИАЛИЗАТА

Берна Сабит, Джемиле Дервиш, Мая Никова, Йорданка Енева

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OLIVE LEAF EXTRACTS – CAPSULES VERSUS POWDER

Hugo Saint-James, Gergana Bekova, Zhanina Guberkova, Nadya Hristova-Avakumova, Liliya Atanasova, Svobodan Alexandrov, Trayko Traykov, Vera Hadjimitova

Бележки върху нормативното осигуряване на оценяването в процеса

БЕЛЕЖКИ ВЪРХУ НОРМАТИВНОТО ОСИГУРЯВАНЕ, НА ОЦЕНЯВАНЕТО В ПРОЦЕСА НА ОБУЧЕНИЕТО

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

Б. В. Тошев

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ON THE GENETIC TIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS

Jordan Tabov, Nevena Sabeva-Koleva, Georgi Gachev

Иван Странски – майсторът на кристалния растеж [Ivan Stranski

ИВАН СТРАНСКИ – МАЙСТОРЪТ, НА КРИСТАЛНИЯ РАСТЕЖ

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CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL LIFE IN VARNA

Radka Tomova, Petinka Galcheva, Ivajlo Trajkov, Antoaneta Hineva, Stela Grigorova, Rumyana Slavova, Miglena Slavova

ЦИКЛИТЕ НА КРЕБС

Ивелин Кулев

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ПРИНЦИПИТЕ НА КАРИЕРНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЛАДИЯ УЧЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, С. Кирилова, П. Петков, В. Симеонов

UTILISATION OF THE STATIC EVANS METHOD TO MEASURE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF TRANSITION METAL ACETYLACETONATE COMPLEXES AS PART OF AN UNDERGRADUATE INORGANIC LABORATORY CLASS

Anton Dobzhenetskiy, Callum A. Gater, Alexander T. M. Wilcock, Stuart K. Langley, Rachel M. Brignall, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

THE 100

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

A TALE OF SEVEN SCIENTISTS

Scerri, E.R. (2016). A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A LESSON PLAN ON THE TEACHING OF MODULE “WATER CONDUCTIVITY”

A. Thysiadou, S. Christoforidis, P. Giannakoudakis

AMPEROMETRIC NITRIC OXIDE SENSOR BASED ON MWCNT CHROMIUM(III) OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE

Arsim Maloku, Epir Qeriqi, Liridon S. Berisha, Ilir Mazreku, Tahir Arbneshi, Kurt Kalcher

THE EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON Mg/Al HYDROTALCITES STRUCTURES

Eddy Heraldy, Triyono, Sri Juari Santosa, Karna Wijaya, Shogo Shimazu

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A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов, Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF M 2 Zn(TeО3)2 (M - Na, K) ТELLURIDE

Kenzhebek T. Rustembekov, Mitko Stoev, Aitolkyn A. Toibek

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

CHEMISTRY: BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО VOLUME 27 / ГОДИНА XXVII, 2018 ГОДИШНО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ СТРАНИЦИ / PAGES КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА 3 / NUMBER 3: 313 – 472 КНИЖКА 4 / NUMBER 4: 473 – 632 КНИЖКА 5 / NUMBER 5: 633 – 792 КНИЖКА 6 / NUMBER 6: 793 – 952 КНИЖКА 1 / NUMBER 1: 1 – 152 КНИЖКА 2 / NUMBER 2: 153 – 312 КНИЖКА

(South Africa), A. Ali, M. Bashir (Pakistan) 266 – 278: j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)fx and nd1 Configurations and Correlation with L-S Terms / P. L. Meena (India) 760 – 770: Methyl, тhe Smallest Alkyl Group with Stunning Effects / S. Moulay 771 – 776: The Fourth State of Matter / R. Tsekov

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, Й. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА СИСТЕМА ОТ УЧЕБНИ ИНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ПО ФИЗИКА И ОЦЕНКА НА ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАТА ИМ СТОЙНОСТ

Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

ИНОВАЦИИ В БОРБАТА С ТУМОРНИ ОБРАЗУВАНИЯ – ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧРЕЗ БРАХИТЕРАПИЯ

Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

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АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF UNKNOWNS: A SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION WITH AN EMPHASIS ON 1D AND 2D 1H NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Vittorio Caprio, Andrew S. McLachlan, Oliver B. Sutcliffe, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

j-j Coupled Atomic Terms for Nonequivalent Electrons of (n-1)f

j-jCOUPLEDATOMICTERMSFORNONEQUIVALENT, ELECTRONS OF (n-f X nd CONFIGURATIONS AND, CORRELATION WITH L-S TERMS

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

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ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF TiO2 NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL)ETHYLIDENEAMINO]-PHENYL]-THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
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GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

СПИСАНИЕ ПРОСВѢТА

Списание „Просвета“ е орган на Просветния съюз в България. Списанието е излизало всеки месец без юли и август. Годишният том съдържа 1280 стра- ници. Списанието се издава от комитет, а главен редактор от 1935 до 1943 г. е проф. Петър Мутафчиев, историк византолог и специалист по средновеков-

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47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

JOURNALS OF INTEREST: A REVIEW (2016)

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION POLICY ISSN 1313-1958 (print) ISSN 1313-9118 (online) http://bjsep.org

INVESTIGATING THE ABILITY OF 8

Marina Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski

SYNTHESIS OF TiO -M (Cd, Co, Mn)

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRIMULA VERIS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКА ПОЕМА

Преди година-две заедно с директора на Националното издателство „Аз- буки“ д-р Надя Кантарева-Барух посетихме няколко училища в Родопите. В едно от тях ни посрещнаха в голямата учителска стая. По стените ѝ имаше големи портрети на видни педагози, а под тях – художествено написани умни мисли, които те по някакъв повод са казали. На централно място бе портретът на Антон Семьонович Макаренко (1888 – 1939). Попитах учителките кой е Макаренко – те посрещнаха въпроса ми с мълчание. А някога, в г

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„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

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Quantum Connement of Mobile Na+ Ions in Sodium Silicate Glassy

QUANTUM CONFINEMENT OF MOBILE Na + IONS, IN SODIUM SILICATE GLASSY NANOPARTICLES

OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

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COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO)-PHENYL]-PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

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2016 година
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THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

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ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ ЛИЧНОСТТА НА УЧЕНИКА

Министерството на народното просвещение е направило допълне- ния към Правилника за гимназиите (ДВ, бр. 242 от 30 октомври 1941 г.), според които в бъдеще ще се оценяват следните прояви на учениците: (1) трудолюбие; (2) ред, точност и изпълнителност; (3) благовъзпитаност; (4) народностни прояви. Трудолюбието ще се оценява с бележките „образцово“, „добро“, „незадо- волително“. С „образцово“ ще се оценяват учениците, които с любов и по- стоянство извършват всяка възложена им ил

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VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

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ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

Надежда Райчева, Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Виктория Нечева

EXISTING NATURE OF SCIENCE TEACHING OF A THAI IN-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHER

Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CUCURBITA MELO GROWING IN KOSOVO

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

НАГРАДИТЕ „ЗЛАТНА ДЕТЕЛИНА“ ЗА 2016 Г.

На 8 март 2016 г. в голямата зала на Националния политехнически музей в София фондация „Вигория“ връчи годишните си награди – почетен плакет „Златна детелина“. Тази награда се дава за цялостна професионална и творче- ска изява на личности с особени заслуги към обществото в трите направления на фондация „Вигория“ – образование, екология, култура. Наградата цели да се даде израз на признателност за високи постижения на личности, които на професионално равнище и на доброволни начала са рабо

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СТО ГОДИНИ ОТ РОЖДЕНИЕТО НА ПРОФЕСОР ХРИСТО ИВАНОВ (1916 – 2004)

СТО ГОДИНИ ОТ РОЖДЕНИЕТО, НА ПРОФЕСОР ХРИСТО ИВАНОВ, (96 – 00

CONTEXT-BASED CHEMISTRY LAB WORK WITH THE USE OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, E.M. Podshivalova, B.I. Bortnik

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ПО ПЪТЯ

Б. В. Тошев

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN CHEMISTRY

Stela Georgieva, Petar Todorov , Zlatina Genova, Petia Peneva

2015 година
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COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Nikoleta Ivanova, Yana Tsoneva, Nina Ilkova, Anela Ivanova

SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova , Gulay Ahmed , Michael Bredol , Stoyan Gutzov

INTERFACIAL REORGANIZATION OF MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES USED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

KINETICS OF THE OSMOTIC PROCESS AND THE POLARIZATION EFFECT

Boryan P. Radoev, Ivan L. Minkov, Emil D. Manev

WETTING BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL AND A SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTIC PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

Lidia Alexandrova, Michail Nedyalkov, Dimo Platikanov

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TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

IRANIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF CHEMISTRY LABORATORY ENVIRONMENTS

Zahra Eskandari, Nabi.A Ebrahimi Young Researchers & Elite Club, Arsanjan Branch,

APPLICATION OF LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS NONDESDUCTRIVE AND SAFE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS

Amir Hossein Farhadian, Masoud Kavosh Tehrani, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Seyyed Mohamad Reza Darbany, Mehran Karimi, Amir Hossein Rezayi Optics & Laser Science and Technology Research Center,

THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

Azadeh Ghasemizadeh, Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Alireza Nezamzade Ejhieh

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER’S WATER OF LUMBARDHI PEJA (KOSOVO)

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

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БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

Александър Панайотов

ТЕМАТА ВЪГЛЕХИДРАТИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Радка Томова, Елена Бояджиева, Миглена Славова , Мариан Николов

BILINGUAL COURSE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL

V. Kolarski, D. Marinkova, R. Raykova, D. Danalev, S. Terzieva

ХИМИЧНИЯТ ОПИТ – НАУКА И ЗАБАВА

Елица Чорбаджийска, Величка Димитрова, Магдалена Шекерлийска, Галина Бальова, Методийка Ангелова

ЕКОЛОГИЯТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Здравка Костова

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SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Boyka Stoykova, Maya Chochkova, Galya Ivanova, Luchia Mukova, Nadya Nikolova, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavel Vojtíšek, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, David Havlíček

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS

Radoslav Chayrov, Vesela Veselinova, Vasilka Markova, Luchia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

NEW DERIVATIVES OF OSELTAMIVIR WITH BILE ACIDS

Kiril Chuchkov, Silvia Nakova, Lucia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

Maria Vakarelska-Popovska, Zhivko Velkov

LEU-ARG ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS, IR CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCKING STUDIES

Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tamara Pajpanova

MODIFIED QUECHERS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF METHOMYL, ALDICARB, CARBOFURAN AND PROPOXUR IN LIVER

I. Stoykova, T. Yankovska-Stefenova, L.Yotova, D. Danalev Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofi a, Bulgaria

LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AC 11S AS A BIOCATALYST IN MICROBIAL ELECYTOLYSIS CELL

Elitsa Chorbadzhiyska, Yolina Hubenova, Sophia Yankova, Dragomir Yankov, Mario Mitov

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF ANTIMONY WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

K. B. Omarov, Z. B. Absat, S. K. Aldabergenova, A. B. Siyazova, N. J. Rakhimzhanova, Z. B. Sagindykova

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TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lilyana Nacheva-Skopalik, Milena Koleva

ФОРМИРАЩО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ PEER INSTRUCTION С ПОМОЩТА НА PLICКERS ТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА

Ивелина Коцева, Мая Гайдарова, Галина Ненчева

VAPOR PRESSURES OF 1-BUTANOL OVER WIDE RANGE OF THEMPERATURES

Javid Safarov, Bahruz Ahmadov, Saleh Mirzayev, Astan Shahverdiyev, Egon Hassel

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РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

Огнян Димитров, Здравка Костова

NAMING OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova

НАЙДЕН НАЙДЕНОВ, 1929 – 2014 СПОМЕН ЗА ПРИЯТЕЛЯ

ИНЖ. НАЙДЕН ХРИСТОВ НАЙДЕНОВ, СЕКРЕТАР, НА СЪЮЗА НА ХИМИЦИТЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ (2.10.1929 – 25.10.2014)

2014 година
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145 ГОДИНИ БЪЛГАРСКА АКАДЕМИЯ НА НАУКИТЕ

145 ANNIVERSARY OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ПАРНО НАЛЯГАНЕ НА РАЗТВОРИ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

LUBRICATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PENTAERYTHRITOL-OLEIC ACID REACTION PRODUCTS

Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani

THE ORIGINS OF SECONDARY AND TERTIARY GENERAL EDUCATION IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL VIEWS FROM THE 21ST CENTURY

V. Romanenko, G. Nikitina Academy of Information Technologies in Education, Russia

ALLELOPATHIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE SSP. VULGARE GROWING WILD IN BULGARIA

Asya Pencheva Dragoeva, Vanya Petrova Koleva, Zheni Dimitrova Nanova, Mariya Zhivkova Kaschieva, Irina Rumenova Yotova

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GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Н.H.Petruchenia, M.I.Vorovka

МНОГОВАРИАЦИОННА СТАТИСТИЧЕСКА ОЦЕНКА НА DREEM – БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗПРИЕМАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА СРЕДА ОТ СТУДЕНТИТЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – СОФИЯ

Радка Томова, Павлина Гатева, Радка Хаджиолова, Зафер Сабит, Миглена Славова, Гергана Чергарова, Васил Симеонов

MUSSEL BIOADHESIVES: A TOP LESSON FROM NATURE

Saâd Moulay Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, Algeria

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ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

Силвия Боянова Професионална гимназия „Акад. Сергей П. Корольов“ – Дупница

ЕСЕТО КАТО ИНТЕГРАТИВЕН КОНСТРУКТ – НОРМАТИВЕН, ПРОЦЕСУАЛЕН И ОЦЕНЪЧНО-РЕЗУЛТАТИВЕН АСПЕКТ

Надежда Райчева, Иван Капурдов, Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Снежана Томова

44

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

ДОЦ. Д.П.Н. АЛЕКСАНДЪР АТАНАСОВ ПАНАЙОТОВ

Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Надежда Райчева

COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM FOR STUDYING ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, L.I. Mironova

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА: БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА В ГОДИНАТА 3000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. 3.

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА:, БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА, В ГОДИНАТА 000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. .

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KNOWLEDGE OF AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS WATER IN 5

Antoaneta Angelacheva, Kalina Kamarska

ВИСША МАТЕМАТИКА ЗА УЧИТЕЛИ, УЧЕНИЦИ И СТУДЕНТИ: ДИФЕРЕНЦИАЛНО СМЯТАНЕ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ВАСИЛ ХРИСТОВ БОЗАРОВ

Пенка Бозарова, Здравка Костова

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ НА СТАТИИ ЗА МИСКОНЦЕПЦИИТЕ В ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ВЪВ ВСИЧКИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИ НИВА

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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SCIENTIX – OБЩНОСТ ЗА НАУЧНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ЕВРОПА

Свежина Димитрова Народна астрономическа обсерватория и планетариум „Николай Коперник“ – Варна

BOTYU ATANASSOV BOTEV

Zdravka Kostova, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

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ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

Адриана Тафрова-Григорова

A COMMENTARY ON THE GENERATION OF AUDIENCE-ORIENTED EDUCATIONAL PARADIGMS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Baldomero Herrera-González Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico

2013 година
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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ШЕСТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА“

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: SOME RECENT PERIODICALS (2013)

Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education

45. НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

„Образователни стандарти и природонаучна грамотност“ – това е темата на състоялата се от 25 до 27 октомври 2013 г. в Габрово 45. Национална конфе- ренция на учителите по химия с международно участие, която по традиция се проведе комбинирано с Годишната конференция на Българското дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията. Изборът на темата е предизвикан от факта, че развиването на природонаучна грамотност е обща тенденция на реформите на учебните програми и главна

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ЗА ХИМИЯТА НА БИРАТА

Ивелин Кулев

МЕТЕОРИТЪТ ОТ БЕЛОГРАДЧИК

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

Srihari Murthy Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, India

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS MODERATE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT

Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, Vicent Sanjosé Universitat de Valènciа, Spain

POLYMETALLIC COMPEXES: CV. SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC, XRD, MOLECULAR MODELLING AND POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMERIC COMPLEXES OF Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) AND Hg(II) WITH OCTADENTATE AZODYE LIGANDS

Bipin B. Mahapatra, S. N. Dehury, A. K. Sarangi, S. N. Chaulia G. M. Autonomous College, India Covt. College of Engineering Kalahandi, India DAV Junior College, India

ПРОФЕСОР ЕЛЕНА КИРКОВА НАВЪРШИ 90 ГОДИНИ

CELEBRATING 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR ELENA KIRKOVA

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SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

M.E.A. Mohammed, Ali Abeer, Fatima Elsamani, O.M. Elsheikh, Abdulrizak Hodow, O. Khamis Haji

FORMING OF CONTENT OF DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY IN SCHOOL EDUCATION OF UKRAINE

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАДИКАЛ-УЛАВЯЩА СПОСОБНОСТ

Станислав Станимиров, Живко Велков

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COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

Vanessa BIANDA, Jos-Antonio CONSTENLA, Rolf HAUBRICHS, Pierre-Lonard ZAFFALON

OBSERVING CHANGE IN POTASSIUM ABUNDANCE IN A SOIL EROSION EXPERIMENT WITH FIELD INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

ЦАРСКАТА ПЕЩЕРА

Рафаил ПОПОВ

УЧИЛИЩНИ ЛАБОРАТОРИИ И ОБОРУДВАНЕ SCHOOL LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

Учебни лаборатории Илюстрации от каталог на Franz Hugershoff, Лайциг, притежаван от бъдещия

2012 година
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ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

Marina I. Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Bojan T. Šoptrajanov

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ПЕТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

ЕКОТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ

Васил Симеонов

ПРОФ. МЕДОДИЙ ПОПОВ ЗА НАУКАТА И НАУЧНАТА ДЕЙНОСТ (1920 Г.)

Проф. Методий Попов (1881-1954) Госпожици и Господа студенти,

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КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ROLE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES TO STUDY MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote Lokmanya Tilak Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Nilkanthrao Shinde College, INDIA

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IBUPROFEN AND RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING UV SPECTROPHOT O METRIC METHOD

Jadupati Malakar, Amit Kumar Nayak Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, INDIA

GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

РАДИОХИМИЯ И АРХЕОМЕТРИЯ: ПРО Ф. ДХН ИВЕЛИН КУЛЕВ RADIOCHEMISTRY AND ARCHEOMETRY: PROF. IVELIN KULEFF, DSc

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

Małgorzata Nodzyńska, Jan Rajmund Paśko

СЪСИРВАЩА СИСТЕМА НА КРЪВТА

Маша Радославова, Ася Драгоева

CATALITIC VOLCANO

CATALITIC VOLCANO

43-ТА МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка ТАШЕВА, Пенка ЦАНОВА

ЮБИЛЕЙ: ПРОФ. ДХН БОРИС ГЪЛЪБОВ JUBILEE: PROF. DR. BORIS GALABOV

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ПЪРВИЯТ ПРАВИЛНИК ЗА УЧЕБНИЦИТЕ (1897 Г.)

Чл. 1. Съставянето и издаване на учебници се предоставя на частната инициа- тива. Забележка: На учителите – съставители на учебници се запрещава сами да разпродават своите учебници. Чл. 2. Министерството на народното просвещение може да определя премии по конкурс за съставяне на учебници за горните класове на гимназиите и специ- алните училища. Чл. 3. Никой учебник не може да бъде въведен в училищата, ако предварително не е прегледан и одобрен от Министерството на народното просвещение. Чл.

JOHN DEWEY: HOW WE THINK (1910)

John Dewey (1859 – 1952)

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ЗА СПЕЦИАЛНОСТИТЕ В ОБЛАСТТА НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В СОФИЙСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ

1. Биология Студентите от специалност Биология придобиват знания и практически умения в областта на биологическите науки, като акцентът е поставен на организмово равнище. Те се подготвят да изследват биологията на организмите на клетъчно- организмово, популационно и екосистемно ниво в научно-функционален и прило- жен аспект, с оглед на провеждане на научно-изследователска, научно-приложна, производствена и педагогическа дейност. Чрез широк набор избираеми и факул- тативни курсове студентите

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УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Адриана Тафрова-Григорова, Милена Кирова, Елена Бояджиева

ПОВИШАВАНЕ ИНТЕРЕСА КЪМ ИСТОРИЯТА НА ХИМИЧНИТЕ ЗНАНИЯ И ПРАКТИКИ ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ

Людмила Генкова, Свобода Бенева Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

НАЧАЛО НА ПРЕПОДАВАНЕТО НА УЧЕБЕН ПРЕДМЕТ ХИМИЯ В АПРИЛОВОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ В ГАБРОВО

Мария Николова Национална Априловска гимназия – Габрово

ПРИРОДОНАУЧНОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ – ФОТОАРХИВ

В един дълъг период от време гимназиалните учители по математика, физика, химия и естествена

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„МАГИЯТА НА ХИМИЯТА“ – ВЕЧЕР НА ХИМИЯТА В ЕЗИКОВА ГИМНАЗИЯ „АКАД. Л. СТОЯНОВ“ БЛАГОЕВГРАД

Стефка Михайлова Езикова гимназия „Акад. Людмил Стоянов“ – Благоевград

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАТА ГОДИНА НА ХИМИЯТА 2011 В ПОЩЕНСКИ МАРКИ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ЗА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ И ЗА ПРАКТИКУМА ПО ФИЗИКА (Иванов, 1926)

Бурният развой на естествознанието във всичките му клонове през XIX –ия век предизвика дълбоки промени в мирогледа на културния свят, в техниката и в индустрията, в социалните отношения и в държавните интереси. Можем ли днес да си представим един философ, един държавен мъж, един обществен деец, един индустриалец, просто един културен човек, който би могъл да игнорира придобив- ките на природните науки през последния век. Какви ужасни катастрофи, какви социални сътресения би сполетяло съвре

Книжка 1
MURPHY’S LAW IN CHEMISTRY

Milan D. Stojković

42-рa МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Цанова

СЕМЕЙНИ УЧЕНИЧЕСКИ ВЕЧЕРИНКИ

Семейството трябва да познава училишето и училишето трябва да познава семейството. Взаимното познанство се налага от обстоятелството, че те, макар и да са два различни по природата си фактори на възпитанието, преследват една и съща проста цел – младото поколение да бъде по-умно, по-нравствено, физически по-здраво и по-щастливо от старото – децата да бъдат по-щастливи от родителите