Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2017/2, стр. 287 - 314

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva
E-mail: kyurk@shu-bg.net
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
115 Universitetska St.
9712 Shumen Bulgaria
Evgeni Stoykov
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Sabin Ivanov
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Borislav Borisov
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Hristo Hristov
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Pencho Kyurkchiev
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Dimitar Vladev
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen
Irina Ivanova
Bishop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen

Резюме: The article presents the results of interdisciplinary study of megalithic complex Begliktash conducted by a group of researchers from the University of Shumen. The main conclusion is that Begliktash is a natural phenomenon with interesting stone complex morphology that may have been artificially consolidated and used both to perform rituals and for calendar purposes.

Ключови думи: Begliktash, megalithic complex, community

Introduction

Two types of megaliths can be found in Bulgaria: menhirs (from men - stone and hir - long) and dolmens (from dol – table, and men – stone). Some groups of menhirs are found near Pliska, whereas the dolmens are predominantly in Southern Bulgaria, mainly in Strandzha and The Rhodopes.

However, there is a third type of megaliths in Bulgaria. They are natural stone complexes with specific morphology, which were most probably shaped by humans and used for ritualistic purposes.

One of these natural phenomena is Begliktash, situated some 5 km away from Primorsko. Karel Skorpil was the first to mention it, writing that near the cape Maslen nos there was a rock which he called Apostle Tash. During the second half of the 20th century the area was not accessible since it was part of a government residence.

The megalith was discovered during archeological excavations led by Drazheva et al. (2003). In 2004 in excavations north of its centre, archeologists found evidence showing that the place had been used as a cult complex with adjacent premises, which makes it the earliest discovered till now Thracian megalithic sanctuary in South-East Thrace and the Black sea cost (from 14th century BC to 4th century AD). All separate megaliths in the complex were given names, corresponding to their supposed purpose. Later, due to its closeness to the sea resorts, the site quickly turned into a tourist attraction. This is probably one of the reasons why the factual information about the site is accompanied by fictitious elements. The site http://www.balkanmegaliths.bgjourney.com gives information only about three dolmens in the area of Begliktash, but not about the whole megalithic complex.

The aim of the article is to present the results of an interdisciplinary study of the megalithic complex Begliktash, which commenced with an expedition of a group of researchers from Shumen University in June 2014.

Our measurements at Begliktash

An overview of the site shows that it is located at the highest point of an area stretching along the crest of Maslen nos, with an altitude of approximately 200 m. Unlike the surrounding area covered with trees and bushes, the megalithic complex lies on naturally polished granite rocks. The megaliths themselves are huge (sizes between 2 and 10 m) and have distinctly rounded shapes.

Fig. 1. Google satellite map of the area

The satellite picture (Fig.1) shows that the complex is located in the Northern part of a big meadow with an almost round shape. From a close range one cannot see clearly the outlines of the huge separate megaliths (probably due to the reflection from their glossy surface).

Geodetic measurements

Geodetic measurements were carried out with a dual band GPS receiver Trible R4-3 in Real Time Kinematic (РТК) mode by using the permanent GPS network GeoNet. The receiver provides accuracy location of ±2 cm. The measurements are made at every point within 40 – 60 sec.

They are made at 266 points in total, and their coordinates (latitude j, longitude l and altitude h) are given in Table 1.

Table 1. The object – coordinates

LatitudeLongitudeAttitude1N42°18‘41.28774“E27°46‘00.84333“165.2512N42°18‘41.30704“E27°46‘00.88810“165.3093N42°18‘41.33419“E27°46‘00.80156“165.0754N42°18‘41.27994“E27°46‘00.75750“165.0815N42°18‘41.26223“E27°46‘00.69794“164.8966N42°18‘41.36173“E27°46‘00.65280“164.8287N42°18‘41.49802“E27°46‘00.68911“164.6658N42°18‘41.56452“E27°46‘00.61961“164.4619N42°18‘41.73506“E27°46‘00.76608“165.05310N42°18‘41.81152“E27°46‘00.85095“165.55511N42°18‘41.78267“E27°46‘00.99315“166.42212N42°18‘41.61070“E27°46‘00.98382“165.65913N42°18‘41.54533“E27°46‘01.07326“165.53814N42°18‘41.33852“E27°46‘00.95583“165.24015N42°18‘41.33738“E27°46‘00.92544“165.32516N42°18‘41.75139“E27°46‘01.03468“166.05517N42°18‘41.72707“E27°46‘01.07072“165.92618N42°18‘41.70093“E27°46‘01.15582“165.88419N42°18‘41.71056“E27°46‘01.29445“165.91420N42°18‘41.73786“E27°46‘01.31529“165.94121N42°18‘41.80836“E27°46‘01.15898“166.10822N42°18‘41.81631“E27°46‘01.10950“166.23023N42°18‘41.85592“E27°46‘01.10653“165.96924N42°18‘41.87893“E27°46‘01.05685“165.77825N42°18‘41.93850“E27°46‘01.08945“165.78826N42°18‘41.87888“E27°46‘01.18808“165.94627N42°18‘41.81849“E27°46‘01.18009“166.16828N42°18‘41.79760“E27°46‘01.35502“166.03329N42°18‘41.85260“E27°46‘01.34464“166.03730N42°18‘41.90101“E27°46‘01.32830“165.95731N42°18‘41.96210“E27°46‘01.31885“165.95332N42°18‘41.98628“E27°46‘01.21729“165.74433N42°18‘42.09548“E27°46‘01.54009“166.38434N42°18‘42.03008“E27°46‘01.44622“165.850
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude35N42°18‘41.93555“E27°46‘01.37636“165.71036N42°18‘41.90826“E27°46‘01.44411“165.94537N42°18‘41.90536“E27°46‘01.49801“165.88838N42°18‘41.90337“E27°46‘01.55066“166.03039N42°18‘41.76305“E27°46‘01.59688“165.96540N42°18‘41.74101“E27°46‘01.66371“166.15541N42°18‘41.77622“E27°46‘01.79030“166.22442N42°18‘41.81698“E27°46‘01.81968“166.36643N42°18‘41.92838“E27°46‘01.77651“166.42344N42°18‘41.89063“E27°46‘01.82116“166.36445N42°18‘41.85092“E27°46‘01.86867“166.34246N42°18‘41.87200“E27°46‘01.91180“166.44747N42°18‘41.90746“E27°46‘01.87524“166.27348N42°18‘41.95577“E27°46‘01.83894“166.36349N42°18‘41.95557“E27°46‘01.76556“166.54850N42°18‘42.03100“E27°46‘01.81288“166.84951N42°18‘42.02794“E27°46‘01.74989“167.05252N42°18‘42.00477“E27°46‘01.71510“166.99853N42°18‘41.97803“E27°46‘01.63301“166.89454N42°18‘42.09954“E27°46‘01.60183“167.34455N42°18‘42.18481“E27°46‘01.48285“166.18256N42°18‘42.18128“E27°46‘01.38809“165.92557N42°18‘42.26082“E27°46‘01.44031“166.29658N42°18‘42.09574“E27°46‘01.83725“166.92359N42°18‘42.02500“E27°46‘01.84168“167.00560N42°18‘41.81644“E27°46‘01.98998“166.42861N42°18‘41.82242“E27°46‘02.18613“166.49962N42°18‘41.79207“E27°46‘02.18322“166.85463N42°18‘41.76309“E27°46‘02.21723“167.00964N42°18‘41.81590“E27°46‘02.27022“166.97865N42°18‘41.75502“E27°46‘02.26619“166.90966N42°18‘41.74731“E27°46‘02.30174“167.04367N42°18‘41.74820“E27°46‘02.27405“166.65268N42°18‘41.61332“E27°46‘02.06824“166.37169N42°18‘41.77715“E27°46‘02.34352“167.350
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude70N42°18‘41.75070“E27°46‘02.35164“167.02371N42°18‘41.73417“E27°46‘02.40009“167.00372N42°18‘41.75263“E27°46‘02.47749“167.02773N42°18‘41.81726“E27°46‘02.57393“167.29474N42°18‘41.84547“E27°46‘02.43627“167.34275N42°18‘41.84249“E27°46‘02.32713“167.43176N42°18‘41.95926“E27°46‘02.19643“167.56277N42°18‘42.04628“E27°46‘02.17680“167.88978N42°18‘42.09726“E27°46‘02.18354“167. 73779N42°18‘42.19860“E27°46‘02.15188“167.41180N42°18‘42.22651“E27°46‘02.05827“167.19281N42°18‘41.48134“E27°46‘02.49949“166.26482N42°18‘41.42481“E27°46‘02.34543“166.01583N42°18‘41.41453“E27°46‘02.31272“165.82984N42°18‘41.47343“E27°46‘02.24740“166.21385N42°18‘41.40696“E27°46‘02.23484“165.53186N42°18‘41.24784“E27°46‘02.36141“164.31487N42°18‘41.40386“E27°46‘02.05116“165.72988N42°18‘41.41135“E27°46‘02.00666“165.71489N42°18‘41.43452“E27°46‘02.02521“165.99990N42°18‘41.42915“E27°46‘02.05058“165.76491N42°18‘41.25648“E27°46‘01.98635“165.26192N42°18‘41.24022“E27°46‘01.99152“165.19193N42°18‘41.22891“E27°46‘01.95736“165.13994N42°18‘41.24548“E27°46‘01.94276“165.20895N42°18‘41.21075“E27°46‘02.01487“165.34296N42°18‘41.23672“E27°46‘01.88157“165.13897N42°18‘41.21986“E27°46‘01.86028“164.89298N42°18‘41.23798“E27°46‘01.84375“165.10699N42°18‘41.21127“E27°46‘01.82395“164. 789100N42°18‘41.30991“E27°46‘01.83366“165.851101N42°18‘41.41220“E27°46‘01.82359“166.179102N42°18‘41.50089“E27°46‘01.75708“166.243103N42°18‘41.47153“E27°46‘01.64283“166.206104N42°18‘41.49703“E27°46‘01.58103“165.752
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude105N42°18‘41.42383“E27°46‘01.52547“166.349106N42°18‘41.40977“E27°46‘01.46430“166.181107N42°18‘41.36537“E27°46‘01.43166“165.939108N42°18‘41.34950“E27°46‘01.38039“165.624109N42°18‘41.26035“E27°46‘01.43456“165.665110N42°18‘41.23802“E27°46‘01.49558“165.630111N42°18‘41.23252“E27°46‘01.61448“165.589112N42°18‘41.19796“E27°46‘01.71678“165.242113N42°18‘41.62401“E27°46‘02.67072“166.690114N42°18‘41.58623“E27°46‘02.63976“166.444115N42°18‘41.58680“E27°46‘02.62558“166.420116N42°18‘41.53007“E27°46‘02.62509“166.191117N42°18‘41.50195“E27°46‘02.64600“166.194118N42°18‘41.43772“E27°46‘02.63796“166.220119N42°18‘41.38925“E27°46‘02.70319“165.509120N42°18‘41.38266“E27°46‘02.76315“165.194121N42°18‘41.40733“E27°46‘02.85372“164.315122N42°18‘41.46740“E27°46‘02.73652“166.455123N42°18‘41.46221“E27°46‘02.81261“165.995124N42°18‘41.45950“E27°46‘02.85902“165.395125N42°18‘41.52105“E27°46‘02.89096“165.775126N42°18‘41.52432“E27°46‘02.87913“165.863127N42°18‘41.56513“E27°46‘02.90305“166.590128N42°18‘41.61239“E27°46‘02.88341“166.715129N42°18‘41.62502“E27°46‘02.79219“166.787130N42°18‘41.60905“E27°46‘02.76569“166.707131N42°18‘41.56064“E27°46‘02.74181“166.604132N42°18‘41.59884“E27°46‘02.95213“166.069133N42°18‘41.89941“E27°46‘02.89983“167.267134N42°18‘41.89580“E27°46‘02.93340“167.612135N42°18‘41.96718“E27°46‘03.01558“167.079136N42°18‘41.90499“E27°46‘03.07262“168.137137N42°18‘41.89274“E27°46‘03.16468“167.371138N42°18‘41.66279“E27°46‘03.07380“168.056139N42°18‘41.66709“E27°46‘03.10894“167.932
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude140N42°18‘41.72000“E27°46‘03.15715“167. 705141N42°18‘41.89286“E27°46‘03.17048“167.375142N42°18‘41.93496“E27°46‘03.31518“167.669143N42°18‘41.87398“E27°46‘03.41541“167.268144N42°18‘41.81231“E27°46‘03.44445“165.821145N42°18‘41.80724“E27°46‘03.44759“166.036146N42°18‘41.80874“E27°46‘03.49526“165.703147N42°18‘41.59414“E27°46‘03.58724“168.989148N42°18‘41.55494“E27°46‘03.37954“164.172149N42°18‘41.60449“E27°46‘03.37186“164.121150N42°18‘41.62674“E27°46‘03.29815“164.326151N42°18‘41.59322“E27°46‘03.29339“164.479152N42°18‘41.58513“E27°46‘03.20483“164.294153N42°18‘41.56246“E27°46‘03.21171“159.431154N42°18‘41.49573“E27°46‘03.08526“168.878155N42°18‘42.09106“E27°46‘03.14517“167.428156N42°18‘42.03806“E27°46‘03.03275“167. 742157N42°18‘42.00373“E27°46‘02.89144“167. 706158N42°18‘41.93002“E27°46‘02.59549“167.147159N42°18‘42.02103“E27°46‘02.54720“167.174160N42°18‘42.12041“E27°46‘02.56134“167.634161N42°18‘42.14181“E27°46‘02.66624“167.876162N42°18‘42.18952“E27°46‘02.69842“168.179163N42°18‘42.21581“E27°46‘02.77335“168.125164N42°18‘42.16499“E27°46‘02.82163“168.045165N42°18‘42.21802“E27°46‘03.11124“167. 721166N42°18‘42.20293“E27°46‘03.17208“167.655167N42°18‘42.30791“E27°46‘03.46906“167.522168N42°18‘42.57748“E27°46‘03.42123“167.614169N42°18‘42.84724“E27°46‘03.75597“166.760170N42°18‘42.82777“E27°46‘03.95904“166.456171N42°18‘42.67351“E27°46‘04.12573“166.077172N42°18‘42.51579“E27°46‘04.31152“167.058173N42°18‘42.34118“E27°46‘04.19448“164.551174N42°18‘42.29121“E27°46‘04.11749“164.523
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude175N42°18‘42.28708“E27°46‘04.12094“164.437176N42°18‘42.25912“E27°46‘03.92257“165.208177N42°18‘42.18364“E27°46‘03.62548“166.670178N42°18‘42.33299“E27°46‘03.54664“167.429179N42°18‘42.62465“E27°46‘03.47348“167.626180N42°18‘42.65067“E27°46‘03.92452“166.533181N42°18‘42.63019“E27°46‘03.96074“166.364182N42°18‘42.28226“E27°46‘04.08748“164.462183N42°18‘42.19828“E27°46‘04.13060“164.217184N42°18‘43.45583“E27°46‘04.55706“164.449185N42°18‘43.51205“E27°46‘04.52849“164. 744186N42°18‘43.48734“E27°46‘04.61818“164.318187N42°18‘43.47799“E27°46‘04.66841“164.308188N42°18‘43.47839“E27°46‘04. 71962“164.119189N42°18‘43.50139“E27°46‘04. 74255“164.095190N42°18‘43.48327“E27°46‘04.80549“163.950191N42°18‘43.59442“E27°46‘04.84382“163.899192N42°18‘43.67305“E27°46‘04.86260“163.804193N42°18‘43.73128“E27°46‘04. 77801“164.080194N42°18‘43.67921“E27°46‘04.67306“164.660195N42°18‘43.61084“E27°46‘04.65405“164.959196N42°18‘43.56564“E27°46‘04.66042“164. 708197N42°18‘43.75001“E27°46‘04.80255“164.072198N42°18‘43.73889“E27°46‘04. 74413“164.199199N42°18‘43.75208“E27°46‘04.69226“164.198200N42°18‘43.83951“E27°46‘04.67714“165.631201N42°18‘43.90655“E27°46‘04.66648“165.847202N42°18‘43.95741“E27°46‘04.66428“165.760203N42°18‘43.98181“E27°46‘04.69420“165.608204N42°18‘43.98726“E27°46‘04. 72198“165.560205N42°18‘43.96997“E27°46‘04. 75639“165.316206N42°18‘43.91789“E27°46‘04. 73352“164.953207N42°18‘43.82042“E27°46‘04. 77965“165.139208N42°18‘43.73297“E27°46‘04.84597“163.504209N42°18‘43.75999“E27°46‘04.91825“163.453
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude210N42°18‘43.76732“E27°46‘04.99233“163.121211N42°18‘44.01251“E27°46‘04.97486“163.112212N42°18‘44.04234“E27°46‘04.92104“163.054213N42°18‘44.04478“E27°46‘04.86763“163.012214N42°18‘44.01880“E27°46‘04.82719“163.083215N42°18‘44.08442“E27°46‘05.76178“163.711216N42°18‘44.06293“E27°46‘05.78936“163.648217N42°18‘44.04814“E27°46‘05.81668“163.505218N42°18‘44.02143“E27°46‘05.80525“163.439219N42°18‘44.02149“E27°46‘05.77315“163.489220N42°18‘44.04810“E27°46‘05.74876“163.702221N42°18‘44.13720“E27°46‘05.85559“163.330222N42°18‘44.10711“E27°46‘05.85770“163.316223N42°18‘44.08901“E27°46‘05.89264“162.888224N42°18‘44.11479“E27°46‘05.90477“163.335225N42°18‘44.13986“E27°46‘05.89753“162.881226N42°18‘44.18521“E27°46‘05.91279“162.746227N42°18‘44.13615“E27°46‘05.95717“162.655228N42°18‘44.09157“E27°46‘05.95107“162.692229N42°18‘44.09216“E27°46‘05.91861“162.751230N42°18‘44.87212“E27°46‘06.71884“160.692231N42°18‘44.78761“E27°46‘06.71075“161.077232N42°18‘44.80355“E27°46‘06.81221“161.072233N42°18‘42.41889“E27°46‘02.99803“167.911234N42°18‘42.49254“E27°46‘02.96072“167. 749235N42°18‘42.53042“E27°46‘03.00078“167. 749236N42°18‘42.54024“E27°46‘03.05263“167.822237N42°18‘42.50628“E27°46‘03.09343“168.025238N42°18‘42.44994“E27°46‘03.08222“167.993257N42°18‘32.81369“E27°45‘01.62307“171.614258N42°18‘32.82430“E27°45‘01.61752“171.616259N42°18‘32.83187“E27°45‘01.61349“171.148260N42°18‘32.89789“E27°45‘01.67438“171.971261N42°18‘32.89106“E27°45‘01.65047“171.770262N42°18‘32.90002“E27°45‘01.60183“171.787
LatitudeLongitudeAttitude263N42°18‘32.92053“E27°45‘01.58999“171.906265N42°18‘32.82588“E27°45‘01.55233“171.719266N42°18‘32.83868“E27°45‘01.56586“171.512

Fig. 2. Our geodetic map of the area with the arrow pointing at geographic North

The complete geodetic map (Fig.2) shows that the main megaliths are situated along the periphery of an oblate ellipse, the long axis of which is oriented almost precisely in East-West direction (Fig.3). The axes of the ellipse are 60 m and 30 m long respectively.

For each of the megaliths at least 3 point were measured which were considered sufficient to define its shape and size (Fig.3).

In this way the megaliths enclose an almost flat central space completely covered with smooth granite rocks. To the south of the complex is the meadow (Fig.1), whose level is 2 – 3 meters lower than the megaliths. This configuration forms a natural stage for performing rituals which can be watched by a big audience from the lawn (Fig.4).

Fig. 3. The main part of Begliktash complex; geographic North at the top

Fig. 4. On 24th June 2014 (day of Enyo, around solstice) at 5 am at Begliktash we attended a re-enactment of a Thracian ritual (view from the Menhir)

Geological evaluation of the complex

The Thracian megalithic sanctuary Begliktash, situated at about 2200 m from cape Maslen nos in West-North-West direction and 800 m from mount Kitka in North-East, is a group of megalithic syenite rocks of different shape and size, which are part of Rosen palaeovolcano (Fig.5). The megaliths stand on a sub-horizontal rocky platform which is sinking die to the fissures in the rocks. The orientation of the walls of the rock blocks on the surface (including the majority of rock blocks in the area of the sanctuary) corresponds to the sub-vertical fissures seen at the base of the rocks facing East-West and NorthSouth. The coincidence of the direction of rock fissures with the development of megaliths’ walls is a certain proof that the megaliths in the area had formed in situ as a result of spherical weathering following the original fissures in the syenite rocks. Presumably later, as a result of an earthquake or a series of earthquakes, some of the rock blocks leaned to one side, whereas separate blocks were even slightly displaced at their base. The ancient inhabitants of this part of the Black sea cost must have appreciated the grandeur and the specific orientation of the rock blocks and made them a place of worship.

Fig. 5. A scheme of the structure of Rosen palaeovolcano 1 – remains of the caldera of the volcano; 2 – remains of the ring fracture intrusion; 3 – remains of the soma

Physical measurements

The magnetic field of the Earth and radioactivity were measured at 10 points in the area and 2 control points located at 100 m and 5 km away from the site.

Radioactivity was measured with a dosimeter PM 1402.

The magnetic field was measured with a sensor DT156, based on the Hall effect. The sensor is connected to a computer through a Data Logger. Special software visualizes the data from the magnetic field in a direction parallel with the sensor. We measured the horizontal H and the vertical Z components of induction of the Earth magnetic field 22ZHF+= . We used a compass to align the sensor with the horizontal component, and a plumb to align it vertically.

The data from our measurements are given in Table 2.

Тable 2. Physical measurements

PointDoze rateμSv/hEarth magnetic eldH (mT) Z (mT) F (mT) 10,240,0720,0920,116820,270,0640,0910,111330,300,0610,0910,109640,260,0720,0910,116050,340,0610,0930,111260,270,0750,0910,117970,310,0730,0920,117480,300,0750,0920,118790,210,0740,0930,1188100,270,0650,0930,1135CP – at 100 m0,160,0570,0780,0966CP – at5 km0,180,0570,0720,0918

Their analysis resulted in the following conclusions: (1) The doze rate at all points in the area is higher than at control points (CP), with its maximum values reaching twice the normal rate; (2) At all points in the area the value of magnetic strength is higher than the value at the control points by 1.5 times.

The anomalies in the radioactivity and magnetic field in the area are connected with the rocks the complex lies on. It is possible that these anomalies lead to specific physical feelings of some people which might be the reason why in prehistoric times the site was chosen for performing rituals. Another possible reason is that the site is located at the highest point in the area and provides a good view of the sea below (Fig.6).

By measuring the size of the megaliths and their average density we came to the conclusion that their maximum total mass amounts to hundreds of tons. This means that it would have been impossible to transport them to the site by means of primitive mechanical devices. This in turns leads to the logical assumption that the megaliths are a natural phenomenon, a fact which is confirmed by their rounded shapes.

Most of the colossal stones are dug into the ground, but a few look as if they were moved to the site by rolling, as their bottom is visible on the rocks underneath. This seems strange because there are no rock formations in the vicinity from which these stones could have been split.

Fig. 6. A view from the highest point of the complex facing North

As the megaliths at Begliktash are of hard syenite, their knapping is quite difficult. Therefore, it is not surprising that they reveal very few traces of manual treatment.

Morphological description of monoliths

The megaliths of the complex are colossal. On quite a few of them there are vertical crevices resulting from natural processes. It could be assumed that in prehistoric times they formed a whole massive structure, which gradually split into parts.

Element 1. (Entrance). It is an oval stone area in the West end of the complex, paved with large polished syenite slabs (Fig.7). Its dimensions are about 12 х 8.5 m, and its long axis makes an angle of 30° with the North-South direction (Fig.3). Its central part is 3 m wide and 12 m long, and is separated from its periphery by crevices which are about 30 cm wide.

Element 2. (Matrimonial bed). It has a shape very close to a parallelepiped (Fig.8) which is 4,8 m long, 60 cm high and 2 m wide. Its long axis is almost precisely oriented in the East - West direction (Fig.3). It seems possible for the flat upper surface of Element 2 to have been manually knapped, however it might be the case that it had simply split from the megalith on its right, whose vertical wall is almost flat.

Element 3. (Sacrificial altar). It consists of two megaliths which are about 3 m tall, located almost perpendicularly on either side of Element 2 (Fig. 9). The one on the left is thinner at its East end and is 4 m long, whereas the right one is shaped like a parallelepiped and is 5.2 m long.

Fig. 7. The entrance

Fig. 8. Matrimonial bed

Element 4. To the West of element 3 there are two adjoining megaliths (Fig. 9 at the background). One of them is shaped like a cube with a size of 2 m., and the other – like a parallelepiped, whose dimensions are 2 х 2 х 5 m.

Fig. 9. The altars and the matrimonial bed are in the background

Fig. 10. Element 5

Elements 5-6-7. To the East of elements 2 – 4 are situated 3 huge and quite rounded stones (in Fg.9 two of them – 5 and 6, can be seen in the foreground). The adjoining elements 5-6 are more than 4 m tall.

At one end of the upper surface of element 5 (Fig. 10) there is a man-made crevice which is 30 cm deep and 80 cm long, and at the opposite end – a seating place, or perhaps a hand-carved bathtub overlooking East.

Fig. 11. Element 6

Fig. 12. Element 7

Element 6 has the shape of a parallelepiped with an even flat surface (Fig. 11).

Almost parallel with Element 6, located to the East of it, is the biggest in its transverse dimension and height element 7, called the Menhir (Fig.12). Its long side is points from North to South, and its top surface is quite steep. On it there is an indentation which is 60 cm long, 34 cm wide and 2 cm deep and is shaped like a step, which is why it is called „The step of God”.

Fig. 13. Element 8

Element 8. To the North-West of the group 5-6-7 there is a low stone, element 8, which has man-made gutter (Fig.13).

Fig. 14. The Throne

Element 9. (The Throne). It is situated between the Menhir and Element 6. It is a piece of rock measuring 1.90 m х 1.60 m х 1 m, on which there is a man-carved seat whose dimensions are 70 cm х 80 cm х 30 cm (Fig. 14). A man sitting on it would face South.

Fig. 15. The slabs of „The Sundial”

Fig. 16. Apostle Tash, viewed from North

Element 10. (The Sundial). It is a group of 6 stone slabs lying in close proximity on the ground. They have the size of 6 m х 2.5 m and are 60 – 80 cm thick (Fig.15). By all probability they once stood upright, but now they are lying at an angle of 30 degrees towards the horizon. Tourist guides tell visitors that there were 16 slabs, arranged in a circle which was used as a sundial. From the present location and number of plates it is difficult to prove this hypothesis.

Element 11. (Apostle Tash). It is a colossal vertical slab, 2 m thick, oriented towards North-South (Fig. 3). It is shaped like a heart which is 8 m long and 6.5 m tall (Fig.16). This megalith is not dug into the ground, but lies on the surface on two points (lines) of support, between which there is a 50-cm-high niche strictly pointing East. When this huge slab is viewed from the West on its slanting surface are visible 2 parallel gutters (Fig.17). The version, according to which the shadow, thrown by Apostle Tash slab in sunny weather on the lying to the North smaller slabs, represents a sundial does not seem plausible, because for sundials people usually use stick-like objects rather than huge slabs, like Apostle Tash.

Element 12. (The Holy Cave). This easternmost part of the complex is a natural dolmen. It is consisted of two vertical stone props, which are 1.5 m wide and 2 m high, on which lies a huge lid-like stone with a flat upper surface and a bulging lower part which is 1 m thick in the middle (Fig.18). They enclose a two-meterwide cavity whose long axis is 9 m and is oriented from North to South (Fig.3). A comparison between the shape of the lid and the eastern wall of Element 11 shows that the covering plate of the Holy Cave might have been split (either naturally or artificially) from Apostle Tash.

Element 13. These are megalith fragments (Figs.19-20) located in South-West direction from Element 11. The megalith was destroyed in 1980s (for stone to be used for making cobblestones).

Element 14. Several low rounded stones in the southernmost part of the platform measuring 2-3 m complete the stone stage of Begliktash (Fig.3). On one of them could be seen the second „Step of God” (Fig.21).

Element 15. (The Stone Platform). The inner space enclosed by megaliths 1 – 14 is covered by large rounded stone formations. They are crossed by a system of parallel gutters and round indentations (10 baths in total), the largest two of which have a diameter of 65 cm and a depth of 20 cm (Fig.22). The deepest gutter is visible on fig.3 as a straight line leading to centre of the platform.

On the platform there are two long stones shaped like a frustum with a height of 1.7 m and a base of 0.7 m. It is not known whether this was their original position or they were placed there later to prove the legends told to visitors.

In the southern part of the platform there are 10 holes (points 81 – 86 on Fig. 3), the largest of which has a diameter of 20 cm and a depth of 40 cm (Fig.22). Their configuration is not shaped like a constellation, contrary to what tour guides say (Fig.3).

Fig. 17. Apostle Tash, viewed from West

In our opinion, the cavities and the holes in the stone platform are results of human activity in the natural complex of Begliktash.

Outside the complex, formed by elements 1 – 15 in North-East direction towards the sea (Fig. 2), are situated other interesting formations.

Fig. 18. The Holy Cave viewed from the South

Fig. 19. The cut-up megalith 13, viewed from West

The largest of them is a system of vertical rocks with crevices between them measuring from tenths of centimeters to 1 m (Fig.23). The rocks are more that 8 m high and their diameter is up to 12 m. They are known as „The Labyrinth”. The vertical crevices were formed naturally as a result of precipitation and other atmospheric factors.

Next to the Labyrinth there is another rock complex (Fig.24).

Fig. 20. The cut-up megalith 13, viewed from South

Fig. 21. The second „Step of God” on the low rounded monoliths in the southern part of the platform

Further in North-East direction is a stone platform (Fig. 2), in the centre of which there is a stone, which is thought to be a smaller copy of Apostle Tash (Fig. 25). It is called The Small Sanctuary.

Fig. 22. The stone platform on which results of human interference are visible

Fig. 23. The Labyrinth is a natural phenomenon

Along the road in North-East direction one can reach the remains of a stone construction, revealed in recent excavation works, which was called The Priest’s home (Fig. 26).

Further along the path which leads to the sea there are stones sticking out of the ground, which have to be dug out and studied.

Fig. 24. Rock complex

Fig. 25. The Small Sanctuary

Fig. 26. The stone construction remains

In the opposite direction, at a distance of about 1 km west of the complex Begliktash, there is an excavation site where in 2014 were found several dolmens and some other archeological objects, which means that the area had been populated in the past.

Fig. 27. Geodetic scheme of Zmeyova Dupka dolmen

Fig. 28. Zmeyova Dupka dolmen

Precisely at the spot where the country road leading to Begliktash crosses the highway is located the dolmen called Zmeyova Dupka or The Dragon’s Den (its altitude is 187 m). It is the simple rectangular formation which is 3 m long and 1.5 m wide (Fig.27). The dolmen is dug into the ground and its side walls vary in their thickness from 15 cm to 30 cm. On the back wall there is an arch-like opening at the bottom measuring 50 cm. The covering slab which is about 40 cm thick is broken and propped on one of the walls (Fig.28). The long axis of the dolmen makes a 16° angle with the North-East line. To the South of the dolmen there is a staircase-like stone with a length of 2 m and a transverse dimension of about 50 cm.

Astronomical analysis of the complex

Bearing in mind the natural origin of Begliktash complex, one shouldn’t expect a purposeful orientation of its elements towards the main directions of the horizon or towards the sunrise or sunset points at particular days of the year, which would have made it possible to use the site for calendar purposes. However, it turned out that some of the megaliths elements could actually serve these purposes. Thus, for example, the long axis of the Matrimonial Bed is aligned in East-West direction, the Throne faces South, the niche of Apostle Tash points towards East; the long axis of the Holy Cave is oriented in North - South direction. This of course might simply be a natural phenomenon. But it is also possible that the natural orientation of the complex elements was used for measuring the time within a day, as well as for calendar purposes.

It seems tempting to assume that the axes of the complex’s elliptic shape, at whose periphery stand the main megaliths, are oriented towards East-West and North-South.

Our study of Zmeyova Dupka dolmen confirms the conclusion of Dermendzhiev (2007) that the dolmens in Bulgaria are not aligned with the main directions of the horizon as well as the directions where the Sun sets and rises on particular days of the year which bear a calendar significance.

Conclusion

The megaliths which were registered and measured in Begliktash area weigh up to hundreds of tons, which excludes the possibility of them being transported to the site from another location. That is why it is more logical to assume that Begliktash is a natural phenomenon. However, the anomalies detected in the radioactivity and the magnetic field in the area can serve as an explanation why in pre-historic time the place had been used for performing rituals. This explains why on these colossal stones there are only gutters, cavities and holes carved. In our opinion, these, as well as the throne and some other carvings are the only indisputable signs of human treatment in the otherwise natural complex of Begliktash.

The accidental coincidence in the orientation of some megalith elements with the main directions of the horizon makes us conclude that the complex was used for measuring the time within a day, as well as for calendar purposes.

The fact that the area abounds in dolmens is a clear indication that it was inhabited in pre-historic times.

Acknowledgements. The study of the megaliths is partially funded by project RD08-285/2014 of Shumen University.

REFERENCES

Dermendzhiev, N.V. (2007). Methodology of archaeoastronomical research: analysis of objects and artifacts from the territory of Bulgaria – PhD thesis. Sofia: Archeological Institute with Museum [Дерменджиев, Н.В. (2007). Методология на археоастрономическите изследвания: анализ на обекти и находки от територията на България – дисертация. София: Археологически институт с музей].

Drazheva, C., Nedev, D. & Panayotova, K. (2004). Trakijsko svetilishte v m. Begliktash na teritoriata na lovno stopanstvo Arkutino, obshtina Primorsko (pp. 154 – 155). In: Archaeological discoveries and excavations in 2003. Sofia: AIM [Дражева, Ц., Недев, Д. & Панайотова К. (2004). Тракийско светилище в м. Беглик таш на територията на ловно стопанство Аркутино, община Приморско (сс. 154 – 155). В Археологически открития и разкопки през 2003 г. София: АИМ.

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Arsim Maloku, Epir Qeriqi, Liridon S. Berisha, Ilir Mazreku, Tahir Arbneshi, Kurt Kalcher

THE EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON Mg/Al HYDROTALCITES STRUCTURES

Eddy Heraldy, Triyono, Sri Juari Santosa, Karna Wijaya, Shogo Shimazu

Книжка 1
A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
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ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов, Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDY OF BSCCO (2212) CUPRATE CERAMIC ADDITIVE TO THE ZINC ELECTRODE IN Ni-Zn BATTERIES

A. Vasev, P. Lilov, G. Ivanova, Y. Marinov, A. Stoyanova, V. Mikli, A. Stoyanova-Ivanova

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE SCHIFF BASES A ND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-TYROSINASE AND DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES

Maya Chochkova, Boyka Stoykova, Iva Romanova, Petranka Petrova, Iva Tsvetkova, Hristo Najdenski, Lubomira Nikolaeva- Glomb, Nadya Nikolova, Galya Ivanova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, Ivan Nemec

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

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ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

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PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА СЪДЪРЖАЩИТЕ СЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕНИ РАДИОНУКЛИДИ В НЕВЕН И ЛАЙКА

Сияна Димова, Цветелина Стефанова, Йорданка Енева, Нина Архангелова

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, И. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТЪТ ПО ПРИЛОЖНА ФИЗИКА И НЕГОВАТА РОЛЯ ПРИ УСВОЯВАНЕТО НА ПРАКТИКО-ПРИЛОЖНИТЕ ЗНАНИЯ ОТ КУРСАНТИТЕ И СТУДЕНТИТЕ

Николай Тодоров Долчинков, Бонка Енчева Караиванова-Долчинкова, Nikolay Dolchinkov, Bonka Karaivanova-Dolchinkova

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

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PHYSICS IS AN EVER YOUNG SCIENCE

Temenuzhka Yovcheva

ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ТЪМНАТА МАТЕРИЯ В КЛАСНАТА СТАЯ

Симона Стоянова, Анета Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА СИСТЕМА ОТ УЧЕБНИ ИНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ПО ФИЗИКА И ОЦЕНКА НА ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАТА ИМ СТОЙНОСТ

Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

ИНОВАЦИИ В БОРБАТА С ТУМОРНИ ОБРАЗУВАНИЯ – ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧРЕЗ БРАХИТЕРАПИЯ

Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

Книжка 2
АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

Книжка 1
ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL) ETHYLIDENEAMINO] -PHENYL] -THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
Книжка 6
GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

Книжка 5
47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

SYNTHESIS OF TiO 2-M (Cd, Co, Mn) AS A PHOTOCATALYST DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND <i>IN VITRO</i> ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF <i>PRIMULA VERIS</i> (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

Книжка 4
„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

Книжка 3
OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

CHEMOMETRICASSISTEDSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE AND DOMEPERIDONE IN BULK AND COMMERCIAL DOSAGE FORM

Farheen Sami, Shahnaz Majeed, Tengku Azlan Shah Tengku Mohammed, Noor Fatin Amalina Kamaruddin, Mohammad Zulhimi Atan, Syed Amir Javid Bukhari, Namra, Bushra Hasan, Mohammed Tahir Ansari

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF <i>TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS</i> (L. ) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

Книжка 2
ПРИРОДОНАУЧНАТА ГРАМОТНОСТ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ В НАЧАЛОТО НА XXI ВЕК – В ТЪРСЕНЕ НА КОНЦЕПТУАЛНО ЕДИНСТВО

Теодора Коларова, Иса Хаджиали, Мимия Докова, Веселин Александров

COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO) -PHENYL] -PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

Книжка 1
2016 година
Книжка 6
THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

Книжка 5
Книжка 4
VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

Книжка 3
ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

Надежда Райчева, Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Виктория Нечева

EXISTING NATURE OF SCIENCE TEACHING OF A THAI IN-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHER

Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CUCURBITA MELO GROWING IN KOSOVO

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

Книжка 2
CONTEXT-BASED CHEMISTRY LAB WORK WITH THE USE OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, E.M. Podshivalova, B.I. Bortnik

Книжка 1
ПО ПЪТЯ ON THE ROAD

Б. В. Тошев

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN CHEMISTRY

Stela Georgieva, Petar Todorov, Zlatina Genova, Petia Peneva

2015 година
Книжка 6
COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Nikoleta Ivanova, Yana Tsoneva, Nina Ilkova, Anela Ivanova

SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova, Gulay Ahmed, Michael Bredol, Stoyan Gutzov

INTERFACIAL REORGANIZATION OF MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES USED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

KINETICS OF THE OSMOTIC PROCESS AND THE POLARIZATION EFFECT

Boryan P. Radoev, Ivan L. Minkov, Emil D. Manev

WETTING BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL AND A SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTIC PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

Lidia Alexandrova, Michail Nedyalkov, Dimo Platikanov

Книжка 5
TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

APPLICATION OF LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS NONDESDUCTRIVE AND SAFE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS

Amir Hossein Farhadian, Masoud Kavosh Tehrani, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Seyyed Mohamad Reza Darbany, Mehran Karimi, Amir Hossein Rezayi

THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

Azadeh Ghasemizadeh, Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Alireza Nezamzade Ejhieh

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER’S WATER OF LUMBARDHI PEJA (KOSOVO)

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

Книжка 4
БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

Александър Панайотов

ТЕМАТА ВЪГЛЕХИДРАТИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Радка Томова, Елена Бояджиева, Миглена Славова, Мариан Николов

BILINGUAL COURSE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL1)

V. Kolarski, D. Marinkova, R. Raykova, D. Danalev, S. Terzieva

ХИМИЧНИЯТ ОПИТ – НАУКА И ЗАБАВА

Елица Чорбаджийска, Величка Димитрова, Магдалена Шекерлийска, Галина Бальова, Методийка Ангелова

ЕКОЛОГИЯТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Здравка Костова

Книжка 3
SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Boyka Stoykova, Maya Chochkova, Galya Ivanova, Luchia Mukova, Nadya Nikolova, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavel Vojtíšek, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, David Havlíček

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS

Radoslav Chayrov, Vesela Veselinova, Vasilka Markova, Luchia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

NEW DERIVATIVES OF OSELTAMIVIR WITH BILE ACIDS

Kiril Chuchkov, Silvia Nakova, Lucia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

Maria Vakarelska-Popovska, Zhivko Velkov

LEU-ARG ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS, IR CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCKING STUDIES

Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tamara Pajpanova

LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AC 11S AS A BIOCATALYST IN MICROBIAL ELECYTOLYSIS CELL

Elitsa Chorbadzhiyska, Yolina Hubenova, Sophia Yankova, Dragomir Yankov, Mario Mitov

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF ANTIMONY WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

K. B. Omarov, Z. B. Absat, S. K. Aldabergenova, A. B. Siyazova, N. J. Rakhimzhanova, Z. B. Sagindykova

Книжка 2
TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lilyana Nacheva-Skopalik, Milena Koleva

ФОРМИРАЩО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ PEER INSTRUCTION С ПОМОЩТА НА PLICКERS ТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА

Ивелина Коцева, Мая Гайдарова, Галина Ненчева

VAPOR PRESSURES OF 1-BUTANOL OVER WIDE RANGE OF THEMPERATURES

Javid Safarov, Bahruz Ahmadov, Saleh Mirzayev, Astan Shahverdiyev, Egon Hassel

Книжка 1
РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

Огнян Димитров, Здравка Костова

NAMING OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova

2014 година
Книжка 6
LUBRICATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PENTAERYTHRITOL-OLEIC ACID REACTION PRODUCTS

Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani

ALLELOPATHIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE SSP. VULGARE GROWING WILD IN BULGARIA

Asya Pencheva Dragoeva, Vanya Petrova Koleva, Zheni Dimitrova Nanova, Mariya Zhivkova Kaschieva, Irina Rumenova Yotova

Книжка 5
GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Н.H.Petruchenia, M.I.Vorovka

МНОГОВАРИАЦИОННА СТАТИСТИЧЕСКА ОЦЕНКА НА DREEM – БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗПРИЕМАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА СРЕДА ОТ СТУДЕНТИТЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – СОФИЯ

Радка Томова, Павлина Гатева, Радка Хаджиолова, Зафер Сабит, Миглена Славова, Гергана Чергарова, Васил Симеонов

MUSSEL BIOADHESIVES: A TOP LESSON FROM NATURE

Saâd Moulay Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, Algeria

Книжка 4
ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

Силвия Боянова Професионална гимназия „Акад. Сергей П. Корольов“ – Дупница

ЕСЕТО КАТО ИНТЕГРАТИВЕН КОНСТРУКТ – НОРМАТИВЕН, ПРОЦЕСУАЛЕН И ОЦЕНЪЧНО-РЕЗУЛТАТИВЕН АСПЕКТ

Надежда Райчева, Иван Капурдов, Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Снежана Томова

44<sup>-ТA</sup> МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

ДОЦ. Д.П.Н. АЛЕКСАНДЪР АТАНАСОВ ПАНАЙОТОВ

Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Надежда Райчева

COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM FOR STUDYING ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, L.I. Mironova

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА: БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА В ГОДИНАТА 3000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. 3.

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА:, БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА, В ГОДИНАТА 000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. .

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ВИСША МАТЕМАТИКА ЗА УЧИТЕЛИ, УЧЕНИЦИ И СТУДЕНТИ: ДИФЕРЕНЦИАЛНО СМЯТАНЕ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ВАСИЛ ХРИСТОВ БОЗАРОВ

Пенка Бозарова, Здравка Костова

ЖИВАТА ПРИРОДА

Б. В. Тошев

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ НА СТАТИИ ЗА МИСКОНЦЕПЦИИТЕ В ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ВЪВ ВСИЧКИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИ НИВА

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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BOTYU ATANASSOV BOTEV

Zdravka Kostova, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

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КАК ДА МОТИВИРАМЕ УЧЕНИЦИТЕ OT VII КЛАС ДА УЧАТ

Маргарита Бозова, Петко Бозов

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

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2013 година
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DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ШЕСТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА“

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: SOME RECENT PERIODICALS (2013)

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45. НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

„Образователни стандарти и природонаучна грамотност“ – това е темата на състоялата се от 25 до 27 октомври 2013 г. в Габрово 45. Национална конфе- ренция на учителите по химия с международно участие, която по традиция се проведе комбинирано с Годишната конференция на Българското дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията. Изборът на темата е предизвикан от факта, че развиването на природонаучна грамотност е обща тенденция на реформите на учебните програми и главна

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ЗА ХИМИЯТА НА БИРАТА

Ивелин Кулев

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Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

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RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

Srihari Murthy Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, India

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS MODERATE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT

Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, Vicent Sanjosé Universitat de Valènciа, Spain

POLYMETALLIC COMPEXES: CV. SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC, XRD, MOLECULAR MODELLING AND POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMERIC COMPLEXES OF Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) AND Hg(II) WITH OCTADENTATE AZODYE LIGANDS

Bipin B. Mahapatra, S. N. Dehury, A. K. Sarangi, S. N. Chaulia G. M. Autonomous College, India Covt. College of Engineering Kalahandi, India DAV Junior College, India

ПРОФЕСОР ЕЛЕНА КИРКОВА НАВЪРШИ 90 ГОДИНИ

CELEBRATING 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR ELENA KIRKOVA

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SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

M.E.A. Mohammed, Ali Abeer, Fatima Elsamani, O.M. Elsheikh, Abdulrizak Hodow, O. Khamis Haji

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G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАДИКАЛ-УЛАВЯЩА СПОСОБНОСТ

Станислав Станимиров, Живко Велков

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COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

Vanessa BIANDA, Jos-Antonio CONSTENLA, Rolf HAUBRICHS, Pierre-Lonard ZAFFALON

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Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

ЦАРСКАТА ПЕЩЕРА

Рафаил ПОПОВ

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Учебни лаборатории Илюстрации от каталог на Franz Hugershoff, Лайциг, притежаван от бъдещия

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ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

Marina I. Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Bojan T. Šoptrajanov

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ПЕТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

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Васил Симеонов

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Проф. Методий Попов (1881-1954) Госпожици и Господа студенти,

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КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ROLE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES TO STUDY MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote Lokmanya Tilak Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Nilkanthrao Shinde College, INDIA

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IBUPROFEN AND RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING UV SPECTROPHOT O METRIC METHOD

Jadupati Malakar, Amit Kumar Nayak Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, INDIA

GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

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TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

Małgorzata Nodzyńska, Jan Rajmund Paśko

СЪСИРВАЩА СИСТЕМА НА КРЪВТА

Маша Радославова, Ася Драгоева

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43-ТА МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

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ЮБИЛЕЙ: ПРОФ. ДХН БОРИС ГЪЛЪБОВ JUBILEE: PROF. DR. BORIS GALABOV

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Чл. 1. Съставянето и издаване на учебници се предоставя на частната инициа- тива. Забележка: На учителите – съставители на учебници се запрещава сами да разпродават своите учебници. Чл. 2. Министерството на народното просвещение може да определя премии по конкурс за съставяне на учебници за горните класове на гимназиите и специ- алните училища. Чл. 3. Никой учебник не може да бъде въведен в училищата, ако предварително не е прегледан и одобрен от Министерството на народното просвещение. Чл.

JOHN DEWEY: HOW WE THINK (1910)

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ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ЗА СПЕЦИАЛНОСТИТЕ В ОБЛАСТТА НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В СОФИЙСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ

1. Биология Студентите от специалност Биология придобиват знания и практически умения в областта на биологическите науки, като акцентът е поставен на организмово равнище. Те се подготвят да изследват биологията на организмите на клетъчно- организмово, популационно и екосистемно ниво в научно-функционален и прило- жен аспект, с оглед на провеждане на научно-изследователска, научно-приложна, производствена и педагогическа дейност. Чрез широк набор избираеми и факул- тативни курсове студентите

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УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

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„МАГИЯТА НА ХИМИЯТА“ – ВЕЧЕР НА ХИМИЯТА В ЕЗИКОВА ГИМНАЗИЯ „АКАД. Л. СТОЯНОВ“ БЛАГОЕВГРАД

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Бурният развой на естествознанието във всичките му клонове през XIX –ия век предизвика дълбоки промени в мирогледа на културния свят, в техниката и в индустрията, в социалните отношения и в държавните интереси. Можем ли днес да си представим един философ, един държавен мъж, един обществен деец, един индустриалец, просто един културен човек, който би могъл да игнорира придобив- ките на природните науки през последния век. Какви ужасни катастрофи, какви социални сътресения би сполетяло съвре

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MURPHY’S LAW IN CHEMISTRY

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Семейството трябва да познава училишето и училишето трябва да познава семейството. Взаимното познанство се налага от обстоятелството, че те, макар и да са два различни по природата си фактори на възпитанието, преследват една и съща проста цел – младото поколение да бъде по-умно, по-нравствено, физически по-здраво и по-щастливо от старото – децата да бъдат по-щастливи от родителите