Обучение по природни науки и върхови технологии

2018/3, стр. 321 - 333

EMPIRICAL BAYESIAN ESTIMATES OF OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY RELATED TO ELECTRONIC ITEMS FOR MEDICAL PURPOSE

Julia Garipova
Technical University of Varna
Varna Bulgaria
Penka Georgieva
Burgas Free University
Anton Georgiev
E-mail: georgiev_an@tu-varna.bg
Technical University of Varna
9010 Varna Bulgaria

Резюме: This paper is focused on a reliability analysis of the exponential model parameters by a reliability parametric Bayesian estimation in regard to one type of medical items. The analysis is based on using a priori data for analyzing current incoming information. The ŧ case study aims at formalizing prior and accumulated sampling data obtained from operational events occurring during the operation in the form of reliability empirical data with respect to a type of semi-automatic blood pressure monitors. As a result of the case study and the analysis, the point estimates of the operational reliability indices valid for the medical items under study are experimentally obtained.

Ключови думи: E-Bayesian point estimates, parametric Bayesian approach, reliability data analysis, type I censored data

Introduction

In providing high reliability of electronic items a wide range of issues arise and dealing with them is most often based on experience, observation and experiment. This creates opportunity for developing a specific mathematical model on which to base the actions for optimization involved in the maintenance of these items (Georgiev et al., 2016; Garipova et al., 2018; Garipova, 2017). The acquisition, procession and analysis of data regarding these items performance under real operational conditions play an important role for this purpose.

The mathematization of human knowledge on a global scale has been developed for centuries, and the intensity of research in this area has increased sharply over the last decades (Georgiev, 2016; Georgieva & Georgiev, 1999; Georgiev et al., 2013; Nikolov et al., 2016). One possible tool for reliability analysis is the empirical Bayesian assessment. Bayesian theorems form the methodological basis in the transition process from a priori information (formalized in the form of a priori distribution) to the posterior information. This process is a sequential accumulation of data information. At the initial stage, the collected experience (analogous research information from the past) regarding the properties and performance of the tested electronic items is studied. New information in the form of empirical data, which commonly differs from the priori information, is obtained during the test. Thereby, a gradually reconsidering and reassessment of the prior data is feasible. At any time, it is possible to give a generalized description of the item properties and parameters and this description is comprehensive and complete as it is based on all the existing information up to date. This process is continuous and it continues after receiving the next data set for ongoing experiment.

The subject under study in this paper is the operational reliability of a set of electronic items through a parametric empirical Bayesian assessment regarding statistical data obtained from real service containing items maintenance and repair. The operational reliability assessment analysis is based on pre-accumulated priori information and after a certain period of time - on obtaining new data set information in the form of empirical data. This enables the development and optimization of algorithms of stochastic mathematical models which consider the maintenance data.

Maximum likelihood estimation

Let \(t_{1}, t_{2}, \ldots, t_{n}\) are the sampling data from life testing regarding operational events which occurred during the operation of \(n n\) electronic items. In the reliability theory, the distribution of the random variable time for the first failure occurrence in the flow is following the exponential law. Based on the no-effect property in the elementary flow, the mean time between failures (\(M T B F\) ) of repairable electronic items is also exponential. Therefore, the failure time of an electronic item is exponentially distributed with probability density function (pdf)

(1) \[ f\left(t_{i}\right)=\lambda e^{-\lambda t_{i}} \]

The total likelihood is the product of the independent pdf’s:

(2) \[ L(\lambda) \equiv f\left(t_{i} \mid \lambda\right)=\lambda^{n} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i} t_{i}} \]

Let assume that a set of \(n\) items is under observation for up to time \(t_{0}\) and \(n_{f}\) of these items have demonstrated a failure with corresponding failure times \(t_{1}, t_{2}, \ldots, t_{n f}\) The other \(n_{w}=n-n_{f}\) items are still functioning. The incomplete data (i.e. during the test, not all the items have failed and so their failure times are unknown) is called censored. In this case, the data are right (type I) censored. For each item

(3) \[ \begin{aligned} f\left(T \gt t_{0}\right) & =f\left(\text { still working at time } t_{0}\right) \\ & =\int_{t_{0}}^{\infty} \lambda e^{-\lambda t} \\ & =\left[-e^{-\lambda t}\right]_{t_{0}}^{\infty}=e^{-\lambda t_{0}} \end{aligned} \]

(this is the Poisson probability for no events with mean \(\lambda t_{0}\). In other words, this is the contribution to the likelihood at time \(t_{0}\) from functioning items. With regard to failed items, the failure time \(t_{1}\) is known and hence, the total likelihood, if \(t_{i}=t_{0}\) i is defined for the functioning items, can be calculated as follows \({ }^{1)}\) :

(4) \[ \begin{aligned} L(\lambda) & =\lambda^{n_{f}} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n_{f}} t_{i}}\left(e^{-\lambda t_{0}}\right)^{n_{w}} \\ & =\lambda^{n_{f}} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}} \end{aligned} \]

Therefore, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) \(\lambda\) for \(\lambda\) is calculates as shown below:

(5) \[ \begin{gathered} \tfrac{\partial L}{\partial \lambda}=n_{f} \lambda^{n_{f}-1} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}-\lambda^{n f}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right) e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}=0 \\ \Rightarrow n_{f} \hat{\lambda}^{n_{f}-1}=\hat{\lambda}^{n_{f}}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right) \Rightarrow \hat{\lambda}=\tfrac{n_{f}}{\sum_{i} t_{i}} \end{gathered} \]

Empirical Bayesian estimation (e-Bayesian estimation)

In estimation and decision theory, E-Bayesian estimation is based on applying the conditional probabilities in the modeling of the process for integration of available prior data accumulated from current tests with actual data information collected on a specific current test (Georgiev \& Georgiev, 2017).

The diagram in Fig. 1 illustrates the general Bayesian procedure in graphical form. The item properties are expressed in terms of the failure rate \(\lambda\). The initial notion regarding this properties is based on some already known (prior) information \(E\). The formalization of this prior data is performed by depicting the prior distribution of the parameter \(\lambda\), which is conditional with respect to \(E\), i.e. \(\pi(\lambda \mid E)\).

π(λ|E) Eπ(λ|DN,E) π(λ|DN) DN

Figure 1. General E-Bayesian procedure

Let \(t_{1}, t_{2}, \ldots, t_{n}\) are the sampling data. For Bayesian estimator it is necessary to specify the prior distribution for the parameter \(\lambda\). The conjugate prior on \(\lambda\) is modelled using a Gamma distribution having pdf

(6) \[ \pi(\lambda \mid E)=\tfrac{\beta^{\alpha} \lambda^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} e^{-\beta \lambda} \]

with hyperparameters \(E(\alpha, \beta)\), where \(\alpha\) is the number of total failures occurred in \(\beta\) time intervals.

The new empirical data \(D_{N}\) received in the testing process are recorded in a formalized form through the likelihood function \(L\left(\lambda \mid D_{N}\right)\). The likelihood function is expressed as a probability density function for the realization of these empirical data and is recorded as a conditional function of the parameter \(\lambda\). To obtain \(L\left(\lambda \mid D_{N}\right)\) it is necessary to have knowledge concerning the probability model. This model most often is expressed as a conditional distribution of basic random variable (failure rate \(\lambda\) ). Applying Bayes theorem for combining Eqs (6) and (4), the posterior of \(\lambda\) given \(t\) is calculated as follows

(7) \[ \begin{aligned} \pi\left(\lambda \mid D_{N}, E\right)= & \cfrac{\pi(\lambda) L(E \mid \lambda)}{\int_{0}^{\infty} \pi(\lambda) L(E \mid \lambda) d \lambda} \\ = & \cfrac{\tfrac{\beta^{\alpha} \lambda^{\alpha-1} \lambda^{n_{f}}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} e^{-\beta \lambda} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}}{\int_{0}^{\infty} \tfrac{\beta^{\alpha} \lambda^{\alpha-1} \lambda^{n_{f}}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} e^{-\beta \lambda} e^{-\lambda \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}} d \lambda} \\ = & \cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)}}{\int_{0}^{\infty} \lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)} d \lambda} \end{aligned} \]

The denominator is obtained by means of the identity \(\Gamma(z)=\int_{0}^{\infty} x^{z-1} e^{-x} d x\) and using the change of the variable \(u=\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)\). This results in \(\lambda=\tfrac{u}{\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}\), and \(d \lambda=\tfrac{d u}{\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}\) with the limits of \(u\) same as \(\lambda\). Substituting back into the posterior equation gives:

(8) \[ \begin{aligned} \pi\left(\lambda \mid D_{N}, E\right) & =\cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)}}{\tfrac{1}{\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}} \int_{0}^{\infty}\left(\tfrac{u}{\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}}\right)^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-u} d u} \\ \\ & =\cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)}}{\cfrac{1}{\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)^{\alpha+n_{f}} \int_{0}^{\infty} u^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-u} d u}} \end{aligned} \]

If \(z=\alpha+n_{f} z=\alpha+n_{f}\), then

(9) \[ \pi(\lambda \mid E)=\cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)}}{\cfrac{1}{\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)^{\alpha+n_{f}}} \int_{0}^{\infty} u^{z-1} e^{-u} d u} \]

Using the identity \(\Gamma(z)=\int_{0}^{\infty} x^{z-1} e^{-x} d x \Gamma(z)=\int_{0}^{\infty} x^{z-1} e^{-x} d x\), the following expression is derived:

(10) \[ \pi(\lambda \mid E)=\cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha-1+n_{f}}\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)^{\alpha+n_{f}}}{\Gamma\left(\alpha+n_{f}\right)} e^{-\lambda\left(\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\right)} \]

Let \(\alpha^{\prime}=\alpha+n_{f} \alpha^{\prime}=\alpha+n_{f}\) and \(\beta^{\prime}=\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\) :

(11) \[ \pi(\lambda \mid E)=\cfrac{\lambda^{\alpha^{\prime}-1} \beta^{\prime \alpha^{\prime}}}{\Gamma\left(\alpha^{\prime}\right)} e^{-\beta^{\prime} \lambda} \]

As can be seen, the posterior is a Gamma distributed parameter with hyperparameters \(\alpha^{\prime}=\alpha+n_{f}\), and \(\beta^{\prime}=\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\). Therefore, the prior and posterior are of the same form, and Bayes’ rule does not need to be re-calculated for each update (O’Connor et al., 2011; Deodatis et al., 2013). Instead the parameters can be simply update with new evidence. The E-Bayesian point estimates are presented below

(12) \[ \hat{\lambda}^{\prime}=\tfrac{a^{\prime}}{\beta^{\prime}}, \quad \operatorname{Var}\left(\hat{\lambda}^{\prime}\right)=\tfrac{a^{\prime}}{\beta^{\prime 2}} \]

Case study

Consider Table 1 representing statistical data regarding a number of 30 pieces of semi-automatic blood pressure monitors (SABPMs) of identical model. Among 30 pieces \(S A B P M s\), an amount of approximately \(43 \%\) demonstrates a failure. For the purpose of empirical reliability analysis, it is assumed that all items are brought into a normal (useful) life at the same point in time.

Table 1. Statistical data regarding semi-automatic blood pressure monitors

ProductModelSerialnumberAdoptiondateTransmissiondateGuaranteeStatusComment1MicrolifeBPA50241301***26.01.201526.01.201513.01.2014preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation2MicrolifeBPA50421301***03.06.201503.06.201517.09.2014testtesting – withoutdeviation3MicrolifeBPA50241301***03.06.201503.06.201513.01.2014preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation4MicrolifeBPA50491302***04.06.201504.06.201512.06.2014preventionoperating instructionstesting – withoutdeviation5MicrolifeBPA50511200***03.07.201503.07.201520.09.2013repaircleaning ribbon cable, testing -withoutdeviation6MicrolifeBPA50301404***31.08.201531.08.201512.05.2015preventionoperating instructions, cleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation7MicrolifeBPA50511200***31.08.201531.08.201520.09.2013repairreplacement crystaloscillator testing –without deviation8MicrolifeBPA50391401***30.10.201530.10.201520.10.2015repairadjusting the PRV, testing – withoutdeviation9MicrolifeBPA50191406***30.10.201530.10.201513.01.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation10MicrolifeBPA50351302***08.12.201508.12.201506.03.2014preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation11MicrolifeBPA50241301***23.12.201523.12.201521.11.2014testunfounded claims, testing – withoutdeviation12MicrolifeBPA50301403***07.01.201607.01.201615.05.2015preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation13MicrolifeBPA50391400***07.01.201607.01.201622.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation14MicrolifeBPA50391400***07.01.201607.01.201621.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation
15MicrolifeBPA50481402***12.01.201612.01.201624.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation16MicrolifeBPA50491302***27.01.201627.01.201612.06.2014preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation17MicrolifeBPA50161302***25.02.201625.02.201621.11.2013repairsoldering the batteryterminals testing –withoutdeviation18MicrolifeBPA50491303***14.03.201614.03.201615.01.2016testtesting – withoutdeviation19MicrolifeBPA50391400***14.03.201614.03.201617.02.2016testtesting – withoutdeviation20MicrolifeBPA50161505***25.04.201625.04.201618.01.2014testtesting – withoutdeviation21MicrolifeBPA50301402***27.05.201627.05.201612.06.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation22MicrolifeBPA50341400***20.06.201620.06.201613.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation23MicrolifeBPA50191406***20.06.201620.06.201613.01.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation24MicrolifeBPA50101400***20.06.201620.06.201629.06.2014preventioncleaningof ADV, testing – withoutdeviation25MicrolifeBPA50191403***20.06.201620.06.201603.12.2014preventioncleaningof ADV, testing – withoutdeviation26MicrolifeBPA50341400***20.06.201620.06.201627.08.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation27MicrolifeBPA50481403***20.06.201620.06.201601.04.2016testtesting – withoutdeviation28MicrolifeBPA50421301***25.08.201625.08.201601.04.2014repairreplacement armtesting – withoutdeviation29MicrolifeBPA50241301***31.08.201631.08.201623.01.2014testtesting – withoutdeviation30MicrolifeBPA50391400***15.12.201615.12.201622.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation

Let the statistical data from Table 1 is presented as sampling data regarding operational events that occurred during the operation of 30 SABPMs ( \(\boldsymbol{n}=\mathbf{3 0}\) ). As can be seen, 13 of all measuring items are demonstrated a failure with corresponding failure times \(\boldsymbol{t}_{\mathbf{1}}, \boldsymbol{t}_{\mathbf{2}}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{t}_{\boldsymbol{n}_{f}}\left(\boldsymbol{n}_{\boldsymbol{f}}=\mathbf{1 3}\right)\). The order 17 items are still functioning \(\left(\boldsymbol{n}_{\boldsymbol{w}}=\mathbf{1 7}\right)\). Concerning the failed items, the failure times \(\boldsymbol{t}_{\mathbf{1}}, \boldsymbol{t}_{\mathbf{2}}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{t}_{n_{f}}\) for each item are evaluated from the statistical data. Therefore, assuming that the observed time period is equal to the failure time \(\left(\boldsymbol{t}_{\mathbf{0}}=\boldsymbol{t}_{\boldsymbol{i}}\right)\) and by means of (4), the likelihood function can be found (Fig.2).

The E-Bayesian point estimation regarding failure rate can be evaluated by Eq. (5) as follows:

\[ \hat{\lambda}=\tfrac{n_{f}}{\sum_{i} t_{i}}=1,53191.10^{-5} \mathrm{item} / \mathrm{hour} \]

Consider sampling data accumulated regarding SABPMs life testing in Table 1 and the subsequent data from Table 2 related to the same type SABPMs. The life of these items has an exponential distribution. For the purposes of E-Bayesian estimation, the data from both tables can be presented as a priori and posteriori data respectively.

00, 0000020, 0000040, 0000060, 0000080, 000010, 0000120, 0000140, 0000160, 00001805 00010000150002000025000f…

Figure 2. Likelihood function of the SABPMs

Table 2. Statistical data regarding semi-automatic blood pressure monitors

ProductModelSerialnumberAdoptiondateTransmissiondateGuaranteeStatusComment1MicrolifeBPA50481400***02.02.201702.02.201729.07.2016testtesting – withoutdeviation2MicrolifeBPA50391400***09.03.201709.03.201702.12.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation3MicrolifeBPA50301400***24.03.201724.03.201714.01.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation4MicrolifeBPA50391401***28.03.201728.03.201712.10.2015testreplacement of batteries, testing – withoutdeviation5MicrolifeBPA50321601***03.04.201703.04.201722.03.2017testtesting – withoutdeviation6MicrolifeBPA50191406***12.04.201712.04.201728.11.2014testtesting – withoutdeviation7MicrolifeBPA50241301***26.04.201726.04.201721.11.2014preventioncleaning of PRV, testing – withoutdeviation8MicrolifeBPA50301403***04.07.201704.07.201711.09.2015testtesting – withoutdeviation9MicrolifeBPA50421301***04.08.201704.08.201711.05.2014testtesting – withoutdeviation

For this case, the conjugate prior on \(\lambda\) is modelled by means of Eq. (6). In relation to prior data from Table 1, the hyperparameter \(\alpha\) is equaled to the total number of failures occured from all the previous data, and the hyperparameter \(\beta\) is equaled to the total of all the failure hours in previous test, i.e. \(\alpha=13\) and \(\beta=163896\). The expression of Gamma posterior p.d.f. is given by Eq. (11) with updated hyperparameters \(\alpha^{\prime}=\alpha+n_{f}\) and \(\beta^{\prime}=\beta+\sum_{i=1}^{n} t_{i}\). From Table 2 the actual hyperparameter values are evaluated as \(\alpha^{\prime}=14\) and \(\beta^{\prime}=185184\). The both of obtained conjugate prior and posterior p.d.f. of the \(S A B P M s\) under test are presented in Fig.3. The conjugate prior and posterior pdf's can be used for predictions. As can be seen, the prior pdf is much lower than pdf. In Fig. 4 the number of hours is set to 80000 . The decreasing functions both of prior and posterior distributions show that approximately at the time the priori and posteriori probability are equal.

05010015020025030000,000010,000020,000030,000040,000050,00006priorpost

Figure 3. Prior and posterior distribution on the tested electronic items

y=2E-05e-2E-05xR²=1y=1E-05e-1E-05xR²=100, 0000020, 0000040, 0000060, 0000080, 000010, 0000120, 0000140, 0000160, 000018020000400006000080000100000f(t) af(t) pExpon. (f(t) a) Expon. (f(t) p)

Figure 4. Predictive function of the prior and posterior pdf

The E-Bayesian point estimate values by means of Eq. (12) are presented below \[ \hat{\lambda}^{\prime}=7,56005.10^{-5} \quad \operatorname{Var}\left(\hat{\lambda}^{\prime}\right)=4,08245.10^{-5} \]

Final remarks

This paper discusses the application of Bayesian techniques for reliability prediction of electronic items during the life testing period. It is assumed that the time till failure of these items follows an exponential distribution. A posterior distribution for the failureless work probability is then derived using Jeffreys improper prior and methods for predicting the equipment reliability are suggested and demonstrated. The nature of present author’s attitude to the prediction issue is that no confidence limits are required.

The presented concept regarding the operational reliability of the medical items observed is based on the reliability indices assessment through the MLE and parametric E-Bayesian approach as well. Life testing of electronic items associated with exponential distribution and Gamma distribution is discussed. The authenticity of the empirical values obtained is achieved using statistical modeling methods. The E-Bayesian estimation is a flexible approach that allows the constantly updating of a priori data through accumulating new data.

NOTES

1. https://cosmologist.info/teaching/STAT/Slides.pdf

REFERENCES

Deodatis, G., Ellingwood, B.R. & Frangopol, D.M. (2013). Safety, reliability, risk and life-cycle performance of structures and infrastructures. Leiden: CRC Press.

Garipova, J. (2017). Research and comparative analysis of the operational reliability of items for medical purpose. Hi Tech J.,1(1), 40 – 47.

Garipova, J., Georgiev, A., Papanchev, T., Nikolov, N. & Zlatev, D. (2018). Operational reliability assessment of systems containing electronic elements (pp. 340 – 348). In: Abraham, A., Kovalev, S., Snasel, V., Vasileva, M. & Sukhanov, M. (Eds.). Proceedings of the second international conference “Intelligent information technologies for industry” (IITI ’17): volume 2. New York: Springer.

Georgieva, N. & Georgiev, A. (1999). Problemi pro otsenyavane na nadezhnostta na mikroelektronnite izdelia pri nalichie na neednorodna apriorna informacia. Proceed. 8th National Conference „Elektronna tekhniksa“, Sozopol, pp. 60 – 65.

Georgiev, T. (2016). A mathematicam method for integration of information which is similar in nature for the purpose of medical research. Computer Science & Communication, 5(1), 51 – 59.

Georgiev, T. & Georgiev, A. (2017). Statistical method for the purpose of medical research based on involvement of a priori data interpretation of running experimental results. Hi Tech J., 1(1), 2 – 9.

Georgiev, A., Nikolov, N., Papanchev, T., Marinov, A., Garipova, J. & Zlatev, D. (2016). Overview of scientific researches related to practical aspects of electronic items operations reliability. Proceed. 12 \({ }^{\text {th }}\) Int. Conf. “Strategies of Quality in Industry and Education”, pp. 526 – 532.

Georgiev, T., Ivanova, M. & Stoilov, R. (2013). Recent trends in the pathogenic mechanism of osteoarthritis. Revmatologia, 21(3), October.

Nikolov, N., Georgiev, A., Papanchev, T., Zlatev, D. & Georgiev, T. (2016). Reliability assessment of sensor networks. In: Inovatsii & Biznes: Nauchen Forum. Varna: Technical University.

O’Connor, A.N., Modarres, N. & Mosleh, A. (2016). Probability distributions used in reliability engineering. College Park: University of Maryland.

2025 година
Книжка 4
Книжка 3
ПРАЗНИК НА ХИМИЯТА 2025

Александра Камушева, Златина Златанова

ФАТАЛНИЯТ 13

Гинчо Гичев, Росица Стефанова

ХИМИЯ НА МЕДОВИНАТА

Габриела Иванова, Галя Аралова-Атанасова

ХИМИЯ НА БАНКНОТИТЕ И МОНЕТИТЕ

Ивайло Борисов, Мая Ганева

АЛУМИНИЙ – „ЩАСТЛИВИЯТ“ 13-И ЕЛЕМЕНТ

Мария Кирилова, Ралица Ранчова

МЕТАЛЪТ НА ВРЕМЕТО

Християна Христова, Мария Стойнова

СЛАДКА ЛИ Е ФРЕНСКАТА ЛУЧЕНА СУПА?

Женя Петрова, Мими Димова

ПАРИТЕ – ИСТОРИЯ И НЕОБХОДИМОСТ

Мария Александрова, Румяна Стойнева

АЛУМИНИЯТ – ОТ ОТПАДЪК ДО РЕСУРС

Стилян Атанасов, Никола Иванов, Галина Кирова

ТАЙНАТА ХИМИЯ НА ШВЕЙЦАРСКИТЕ БАНКНОТИ

Ивайла Николова, Марияна Георгиева

ХИМИЯТА – ДЕТЕКТИВ ИЛИ ПРЕСТЪПНИК?

Алвина Илин, Валентина Ткачова, Петя Петрова

БЕБЕШКИ ШАМПОАН ОТ ЯДЛИВИ СЪСТАВКИ: ФОРМУЛИРАНЕ НА НОВ КОЗМЕТИЧЕН ПРОДУКТ

Хана Крипендорф, 5, Даниел Кунев, 5, Цветелина Стоянова

БЪЛГАРСКОТО ИМЕ НА ДЪЛГОЛЕТИЕТО

Сияна Краишникова, Анелия Иванова

ХИМИЯ НА МОНЕТИТЕ

Кристина Анкова, Сияна Христова, Ростислава Цанева

ХИМИЯ НА ШОКОЛАДА

Камелия Вунчева, Мария-Сара Мандил, Марияна Георгиева

ХИМИЯТА НА ПАРИТЕ

Биляна Куртева, Ралица Ранчова

АЛУМИНИЯТ В КРИОГЕНИКАТА

Даниел Анков, Ива Петкова, Марияна Георгиева

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ НА АЛУМИНИЯ ВЪВ ВАКСИНИТЕ

Станислав Милчев, Петя Вълкова

АЛУМИНИЙ: „КРИЛА НА ЧОВЕЧЕСТВОТО – ЛЮБИМЕЦ 13“

Ростислав Стойков, Пепа Георгиева

ХИМИЯТА В ПЧЕЛНИЯ МЕД

Сиана Каракашева, Симона Тричкова, Майя Найденова-Георгиева

ХИМИЯ НА МЛЕЧНИТЕ ПРОДУКТИ

Пламена Боиклиева, 10 клас, Дафинка Юрчиева

ХИМИЯ В МАСЛИНИТЕ

Симона Гочева, Майя Найденова

ХИМИЯ НА ЛЮТОТО

Марта Пенчева, Васка Сотирова

ХИНАП – ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА СЪДЪРЖАНИЕТО НА ВИТАМИН С

Елица Нейкова, Елисавета Григорова, Майя Найденова

ХИМИЯ НA ПAРИТE

Игликa Кoлeвa, Eмилия Ивaнoвa

ВЛИЯНИЕ НА МАРИНАТИТЕ ВЪРХУ МЕСОТО

Емил Мирчев, Галя Петрова

АНАЛИЗ НА ПРИРОДНИ ВОДИ В ОБЩИНА СЛИВЕН

Никола Урумов, Анелия Иванова

ТРИНАДЕСЕТИЯТ ЕЛЕМЕНТ – СПАСИТЕЛ ИЛИ ТИХ РАЗРУШИТЕЛ?

Виктория Дечкова, Никола Велчев, Нели Иванова

Книжка 2
Книжка 1
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF PNEUMONIA AND MENINGITIS COINFECTION WITH VACCINATION

Deborah O. Daniel, Sefiu A. Onitilo, Omolade B. Benjamin, Ayoola A. Olasunkanmi

2024 година
Книжка 5-6
Книжка 3-4
Книжка 1-2
2023 година
Книжка 5-6
ПОДКАСТ – КОГА, АКО НЕ СЕГА?

Христо Чукурлиев

Книжка 3-4
Книжка 2
Книжка 1
2022 година
Книжка 6
METEOROLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF COVID-19 DISEASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Z. Mateeva, E. Batchvarova, Z. Spasova, I. Ivanov, B. Kazakov, S. Matev, A. Simidchiev, A. Kitev

Книжка 5
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE TRANSMISSION MECHANISM OF PLAMODIUM FALCIPARUM

Onitilo S. A, Usman M. A., Daniel D. O. Odetunde O. S., Ogunwobi Z. O., Hammed F. A., Olubanwo O. O., Ajani A. S., Sanusi A. S., Haruna A. H.

ПОСТАНОВКА ЗА ИЗМЕРВАНЕ СКОРОСТТА НА ЗВУКА ВЪВ ВЪЗДУХ

Станислав Сланев, Хафизе Шабан, Шебнем Шабан, Анета Маринова

Книжка 4
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

Sofija Blagojević, Lana Vujanović, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

„TAP, TAP WATER“ QUANTUM TUNNELING DEMONSTRATION

Katarina Borković, Andreana Kovačević Ćurić

Книжка 3
Книжка 2
КОМЕТИТЕ – I ЧАСТ

Пенчо Маркишки

Книжка 1
DISTANCE LEARNING: HOMEMADE COLLOIDAL SILVER

Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero, Jorge G. Ibanez

2021 година
Книжка 6
STUDY OF COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTIVE WATER ISOLATION IN GAS WELLS

Al-Obaidi S.H., Hofmann M., Smirnov V.I., Khalaf F.H., Alwan H.H.

Книжка 5
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS IN EDIBLE COATING AS FISH PRESERVATIVE

Maulidan Firdaus, Desy Nila Rahmana, Diah Fitri Carolina, Nisrina Rahma Firdausi, Zulfaa Afiifah, Berlian Ayu Rismawati Sugiarto

Книжка 4
Книжка 3
PROBLEM OF THE 8-TH EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD, SKOPJE, 8 MAY 2021 DETERMINATION OF PLANCK CONSTANT BY LED

Todor M. Mishonov, Aleksander P. Petkov, Matteo Andreoni, Emil G. Petkov, Albert M. Varonov, Iglika M. Dimitrova, , Leonora Velkoska, Riste Popeski-Dimovski

Книжка 2
INVESTIGATION OF \(^{238}\)U, \(^{234}\)U AND \(^{210}\)PO CONTENT IN SELECTED BULGARIAN DRINKING WATER

Bozhidar Slavchev, Elena Geleva, Blagorodka Veleva, Hristo Protohristov, Lyuben Dobrev, Desislava Dimitrova, Vladimir Bashev, Dimitar Tonev

Книжка 1
DEMONSTRATION OF DAMPED ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS

Elena Grebenakova, Stojan Manolev

2020 година
Книжка 6
ДОЦ. Д-Р МАРЧЕЛ КОСТОВ КОСТОВ ЖИВОТ И ТВОРЧЕСТВО

Здравка Костова, Елена Георгиева

Книжка 5
Книжка 4
JACOB’S LADDER FOR THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM

Kristijan Shishkoski, Vera Zoroska

COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN AFSHARI AND GHEZEL RAM LAMBS

Morteza Karami, Fardis Fathizadeh, Arash Yadollahi, Mehran Aboozari, Yaser Rahimian, Reza Alipoor Filabadi

КАЛЦИЙ, ФОСФОР И ДРУГИ ФАКТОРИ ЗА КОСТНО ЗДРАВЕ

Радка Томова, Светла Асенова, Павлина Косева

Книжка 3
THE DAY OF THE INDUCTANCE: PROBLEMS OF THE 7\(^{TH}\) EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS OLYMPIAD, SKOPJE, 2019

Todor M. Mishonov, Riste Popeski-Dimovski, Leonora Velkoska, Iglika M. Dimitrova, Vassil N. Gourev, Aleksander P. Petkov, Emil G. Petkov, Albert M. Varonov

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF 2019 NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (2019 – NCOV) PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA

Sefiu A. Onitilo, Mustapha A. Usman, Olutunde S. Odetunde, Fatai A. Hammed, Zacheous O. Ogunwobi, Hammed A. Haruna, Deborah O. Daniel

Книжка 2
Книжка 1
МОЛЕКУЛИТЕ НА УДОВОЛСТВИЕТО

Веселина Янкова, Снежана Демирова, Цветанка Митева, Явор Князов, Христо Желев, Димитър Георгиев, Габриела Стоянова

WATER PURIFICATION WITH LASER RADIATION

Lyubomir Lazov, Hristina Deneva, Galina Gencheva

2019 година
Книжка 6
LASER MICRO-PERFORATION AND FIELDS OF APPLICATION

Hristina Deneva, Lyubomir Lazov, Edmunds Teirumnieks

ПРИЛОЖНА ФОТОНИКА И АНТИОКСИДАНТНИ СВОЙСТВА НА ВИСОКООЛЕИНОВО СЛЪНЧОГЛЕДОВО МАСЛО С БИЛКОВИ ПРИМЕСИ

Кръстена Николова, Стефка Минкова, Поли Радушева, Георги Бошев, Еркан Фаридин, Нурал Джамбазов, Мариана Перифанова-Немска

ПРОЦЕСЪТ ДИФУЗИЯ – ОСНОВА НА ДИАЛИЗАТА

Берна Сабит, Джемиле Дервиш, Мая Никова, Йорданка Енева

IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF OLIVE LEAF EXTRACTS – CAPSULES VERSUS POWDER

Hugo Saint-James, Gergana Bekova, Zhanina Guberkova, Nadya Hristova-Avakumova, Liliya Atanasova, Svobodan Alexandrov, Trayko Traykov, Vera Hadjimitova

2019 − THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov, Dessislava Gerginova, Alexander Zahariev

ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ

Б. В. Тошев

Книжка 5
ЗЕЛЕНА ХИМИЯ В УЧИЛИЩНАТА ЛАБОРАТОРИЯ

Александрия Генджова, Мая Тавлинова-Кирилова, Александра Камушева

ON THE GENETIC TIES BETWEEN EUROPEAN NATIONS

Jordan Tabov, Nevena Sabeva-Koleva, Georgi Gachev

CAN BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER

Nadya Kantareva-Baruh

Книжка 4
CHEMOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL LIFE IN VARNA

Radka Tomova, Petinka Galcheva, Ivajlo Trajkov, Antoaneta Hineva, Stela Grigorova, Rumyana Slavova, 6Miglena Slavova

ЦИКЛИТЕ НА КРЕБС

Ивелин Кулев

Книжка 3
ПРИНЦИПИТЕ НА КАРИЕРНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА МЛАДИЯ УЧЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, С. Кирилова, П. Петков, В. Симеонов

UTILISATION OF THE STATIC EVANS METHOD TO MEASURE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF TRANSITION METAL ACETYLACETONATE COMPLEXES AS PART OF AN UNDERGRADUATE INORGANIC LABORATORY CLASS

Anton Dobzhenetskiy, Callum A. Gater, Alexander T. M. Wilcock, Stuart K. Langley, Rachel M. Brignall, David C. Williamson, Ryan E. Mewis

A TALE OF SEVEN SCIENTISTS

Savina Kirilova

Книжка 2
DEVELOPMENT OF A LESSON PLAN ON THE TEACHING OF MODULE “WATER CONDUCTIVITY”

A. Thysiadou, S. Christoforidis, P. Giannakoudakis

AMPEROMETRIC NITRIC OXIDE SENSOR BASED ON MWCNT CHROMIUM(III) OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITE

Arsim Maloku, Epir Qeriqi, Liridon S. Berisha, Ilir Mazreku, Tahir Arbneshi, Kurt Kalcher

THE EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON Mg/Al HYDROTALCITES STRUCTURES

Eddy Heraldy, Triyono, Sri Juari Santosa, Karna Wijaya, Shogo Shimazu

Книжка 1
A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS FROM THE STATE MATRICULATION EXAMINATION IN MATHEMATICS

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Vladimir Vladimirov

SOME CONCEPTS FROM PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO INTEGRATE THEM IN TEACHING NATURAL SCIENCES

Elena Karashtranova, Nikolay Karashtranov, Nadezhda Borisova, Dafina Kostadinova

45. МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

2018 година
Книжка 6
ЗДРАВЕ И ОКОЛНА СРЕДА

Кадрие Шукри, Светлана Великова, Едис Мехмед

РОБОТИКА ЗА НАЧИНАЕЩИ ЕНТУСИАСТИ

Даниела Узунова, Борис Велковски, Илко Симеонов, Владислав Шабански, Димитър Колев

DESIGN AND DOCKING STUDIES OF HIS-LEU ANALOGUES AS POTENTIOAL ACE INHIBITORS

Rumen Georgiev, , Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDY OF BSCCO (2212) CUPRATE CERAMIC ADDITIVE TO THE ZINC ELECTRODE IN Ni-Zn BATTERIES

A. Vasev, P. Lilov, G. Ivanova, Y. Marinov, A. Stoyanova, V. Mikli, A. Stoyanova-Ivanova

CALIBRATION OF GC/MS METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PHTHALATES

N. Dineva, I. Givechev, D. Tanev, D. Danalev

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE SCHIFF BASES A ND EVALUATION OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI-TYROSINASE AND DPPH SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES

Maya Chochkova, Boyka Stoykova, Iva Romanova, Petranka Petrova, Iva Tsvetkova, Hristo Najdenski, Lubomira Nikolaeva- Glomb, Nadya Nikolova, Galya Ivanova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, Ivan Nemec

ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF CADMIUM SELENIDE NANOPARTICLES WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXTRACTION INTO P-XYLENE

S. S. Fomanyuk, V. O. Smilyk, G. Y. Kolbasov, I. A. Rusetskyi, T. A. Mirnaya

БИОЛОГИЧЕН АСПЕКТ НА РЕКАНАЛИЗАЦИЯ С ВЕНОЗНА ТРОМБОЛИЗА

Мариела Филипова, Даниела Попова, Стоян Везенков

Книжка 5
ИМОБИЛИЗИРАНЕНАФРУКТОЗИЛТРАНСФЕРАЗА ВЪРХУКОМПОЗИТНИФИЛМИОТПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА, КСАНТАН И ХИТОЗАН

Илия Илиев, Тонка Василева, Веселин Биволарски, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова, Теменужка Йовчева

ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GRAPHENE-E7 LIQUID-CRYSTAL NANOCOMPOSITE

Todor Vlakhov, Yordan Marinov, Georgi. Hadjichristov, Alexander Petrov

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO ANALYZE AMBIENT NOISERECORDED BYAMOBILEDEVICETHROUGH THE H/V SPECTRAL RATIO TECHNIQUE

Dragomir Gospodinov, Delko Zlatanski, Boyko Ranguelov, Alexander Kandilarov

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTER FOR GLUTEN FREE BREAD

G. Zsivanovits, D. Iserliyska, M. Momchilova, M. Marudova

ПОЛУЧАВАНЕ НА ПОЛИЕЛЕКТРОЛИТНИ КОМПЛЕКСИ ОТ ХИТОЗАН И КАЗЕИН

Антоанета Маринова, Теменужка Йовчева, Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Мария Марудова

CHEMILUMINESCENT AND PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COCOON EXTRACTS

Y. Evtimova, V. Mihailova, L. A. Atanasova, N. G. Hristova-Avakumova, M. V. Panayotov, V. A. Hadjimitova

ИЗСЛЕДОВАТЕЛСКИ ПРАКТИКУМ

Ивелина Димитрова, Гошо Гоев, Савина Георгиева, Цвета Цанова, Любомира Иванова, Борислав Георгиев

Книжка 4
PARAMETRIC INTERACTION OF OPTICAL PULSES IN NONLINEAR ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

A. Dakova, V. Slavchev, D. Dakova, L. Kovachev

ДЕЙСТВИЕ НА ГАМА-ЛЪЧИТЕ ВЪРХУ ДЕЗОКСИРИБОНУКЛЕИНОВАТА КИСЕЛИНА

Мирела Вачева, Хари Стефанов, Йоана Гвоздейкова, Йорданка Енева

RADIATION PROTECTION

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА СЪДЪРЖАЩИТЕ СЕ ЕСТЕСТВЕНИ РАДИОНУКЛИДИ В НЕВЕН И ЛАЙКА

Сияна Димова, Цветелина Стефанова, Йорданка Енева, Нина Архангелова

СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ЕМУЛСИИ ОТ ТИПА МАСЛО/ ВОДА С КОНЮГИРАНА ЛИНОЛОВА КИСЕЛИНА

И. Милкова-Томова, Д. Бухалова, К. Николова, И. Алексиева, И. Минчев, Г. Рунтолев

THE EFFECT OF EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OIL ON THE HUMAN BODY AND QUALITY CONTROL BY USING OPTICAL METHODS

Carsten Tottmann, Valentin Hedderich, Poli Radusheva, Krastena Nikolova

ИНФРАЧЕРВЕНА ТЕРМОГРАФИЯ ЗА ДИАГНОСТИКА НА ФОКАЛНА ИНФЕКЦИЯ

Рая Грозданова-Узунова, Тодор Узунов, Пепа Узунова

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТЪТ ПО ПРИЛОЖНА ФИЗИКА И НЕГОВАТА РОЛЯ ПРИ УСВОЯВАНЕТО НА ПРАКТИКО-ПРИЛОЖНИТЕ ЗНАНИЯ ОТ КУРСАНТИТЕ И СТУДЕНТИТЕ

Николай Тодоров Долчинков, Бонка Енчева Караиванова-Долчинкова, Nikolay Dolchinkov, Bonka Karaivanova-Dolchinkova

ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИ СВОЙСТВА НА КОМПОЗИТНИ ФИЛМИ ОТ ПОЛИМЛЕЧНА КИСЕЛИНА

Ася Виранева, Иван Бодуров, Теменужка Йовчева

Книжка 3
PHYSICS IS AN EVER YOUNG SCIENCE

Temenuzhka Yovcheva

ТРИ ИДЕИ ЗА ЕФЕКТИВНО ОБУЧЕНИЕ

Гергана Карафезиева

МАГИЯТА НА ТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПЪТ НА ЕСТЕСТВЕНО УЧЕНЕ В УЧЕБНИЯ ПРОЦЕС

Гергана Добрева, Жаклин Жекова, Михаела Чонос

ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ЧРЕЗ МИСЛОВНИ КАРТИ

Виолета Стоянова, Павлина Георгиева

ИГРА НА ДОМИНО В ЧАС ПО ФИЗИКА

Росица Кичукова, Ценка Маринова

ТЪМНАТА МАТЕРИЯ В КЛАСНАТА СТАЯ

Симона Стоянова, Анета Маринова

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ФИЗИКА ВЪВ ВВМУ „Н. Й. ВАПЦАРОВ“

А. Христова, Г. Вангелов, И. Ташев, М. Димидов

ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ НА СИСТЕМА ОТ УЧЕБНИ ИНТЕРНЕТ РЕСУРСИ ПО ФИЗИКА И ОЦЕНКА НА ДИДАКТИЧЕСКАТА ИМ СТОЙНОСТ

Желязка Райкова, Георги Вулджев, Наталия Монева, Нели Комсалова, Айше Наби

ИНОВАЦИИ В БОРБАТА С ТУМОРНИ ОБРАЗУВАНИЯ – ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЧРЕЗ БРАХИТЕРАПИЯ

Георги Върбанов, Радостин Михайлов, Деница Симеонова, Йорданка Енева

NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER

Natasha Ivanova, Bistra Manusheva

Книжка 2
АДАПТИРАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕТО ДНЕС ЗА УТРЕШНИЯ ДЕН

И. Панчева, М. Недялкова, П. Петков, Х. Александров, В. Симеонов

INTEGRATED ENGINEERING EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ NEEDS

Veselina Kolarski, Dancho Danalev, Senia Terzieva

Книжка 1
ZAGREB CONNECTION INDICES OF \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) NANOTUBES

Sohaib Khalid, Johan Kok, Akbar Ali, Mohsin Bashir

SYNTHESIS OF NEW 3-[(CHROMEN-3-YL) ETHYLIDENEAMINO] -PHENYL] -THIAZOLIDIN-4ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Malesore Pllana, Musaj Pacarizi, Veprim Thaçi, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani

2017 година
Книжка 6
GEOECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES: ON THE EXAMPLE OF AKTOBE AGGLOMERATION

Zharas Berdenov, Erbolat Mendibaev, Talgat Salihov, Kazhmurat Akhmedenov, Gulshat Ataeva

TECHNOGENESIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF NORTHEN KAZAKHSTAN: PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION

Kulchichan Dzhanaleyeva, Gulnur Mazhitova, Altyn Zhanguzhina, Zharas Berdenov, Tursynkul Bazarbayeva, Emin Atasoy

Книжка 5
47-А НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

В последните години тези традиционни за българското учителство конфе- ренции се организират от Българското дружество по химическо образование и история и философия на химията. То е асоцииран член на Съюза на химици- те в България, който пък е член на Европейската асоциация на химическите и

SYNTHESIS OF TiO 2-M (Cd, Co, Mn) AS A PHOTOCATALYST DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE

Candra Purnawan, Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dwita Nur Aisyah

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CADMIUM CONCENTRATION ON SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ‘ISA BROWN’ HYBRID CHICKEN

Imer Haziri, Adem Rama, Fatgzim Latifi, Dorjana Beqiraj-Kalamishi, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Arben Haziri

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND <i>IN VITRO</i> ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF <i>PRIMULA VERIS</i> (L.) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Ibrahim Rudhani, Florentina Raci, Hamide Ibrahimi, Arben Mehmeti, Ariana Kameri, Fatmir Faiku, Majlinda Daci, Sevdije Govori, Arben Haziri

Книжка 4
„СИМВОЛНИЯТ КАПИТАЛ“ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Николай Цанков, Веска Гювийска

KINETICS OF PHOTO-ELECTRO-ASSISTED DEGRADATION OF REMAZOL RED 5B

Fitria Rahmawati, Tri Martini, Nina Iswati

ALLELOPATHIC AND IN VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF STEVIA AND CHIA

Asya Dragoeva, Vanya Koleva, Zheni Stoyanova, Eli Zayova, Selime Ali

NOVEL HETEROARYLAMINO-CHROMEN-2-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Naser Troni, Hamit Ismaili, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

Книжка 3
OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE OIL FORMULATION USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND GENETIC ALGORITHM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behnaz Azmoon, Abolfazl Semnani, Ramin Jaberzadeh Ansari, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani, Shima Ghanavati Nasab

CHEMOMETRICASSISTEDSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF LANSOPRAZOLE AND DOMEPERIDONE IN BULK AND COMMERCIAL DOSAGE FORM

Farheen Sami, Shahnaz Majeed, Tengku Azlan Shah Tengku Mohammed, Noor Fatin Amalina Kamaruddin, Mohammad Zulhimi Atan, Syed Amir Javid Bukhari, Namra, Bushra Hasan, Mohammed Tahir Ansari

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF <i>TEUCRIUM CHAMAEDRYS</i> (L. ) GROWING WILD IN KOSOVO

Arben Haziri, Fatmir Faiku, Roze Berisha, Ibrahim Mehmeti, Sevdije Govori, Imer Haziri

Книжка 2
ПРИРОДОНАУЧНАТА ГРАМОТНОСТ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ В НАЧАЛОТО НА XXI ВЕК – В ТЪРСЕНЕ НА КОНЦЕПТУАЛНО ЕДИНСТВО

Теодора Коларова, Иса Хаджиали, Мимия Докова, Веселин Александров

COMPUTER SIMULATORS: APPLICATION FOR GRADUATES’ADAPTATION AT OIL AND GAS REFINERIES

Irena O. Dolganova, Igor M. Dolganov, Kseniya A. Vasyuchka

SYNTHESIS OF NEW [(3-NITRO-2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN4-YLAMINO) -PHENYL] -PHENYL-TRIAZOLIDIN-4-ONES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Ramiz Hoti, Hamit Ismaili, Idriz Vehapi, Naser Troni, Gjyle Mulliqi-Osmani, Veprim Thaçi

STABILITY OF RJ-5 FUEL

Lemi Türker, Serhat Variş

A STUDY OF BEGLIKTASH MEGALITHIC COMPLEX

Diana Kjurkchieva, Evgeni Stoykov, Sabin Ivanov, Borislav Borisov, Hristo Hristov, Pencho Kyurkchiev, Dimitar Vladev, Irina Ivanova

Книжка 1
2016 година
Книжка 6
THE EFFECT OF KOH AND KCL ADDITION TO THE DESTILATION OF ETHANOL-WATER MIXTURE

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas, Fitria Rahmawati, Avrina Kumalasari

Книжка 5
Книжка 4
VOLTAMMERIC SENSOR FOR NITROPHENOLS BASED ON SCREEN-PRINTED ELECTRODE MODIFIED WITH REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Arsim Maloku, Liridon S. Berisha, Granit Jashari, Eduard Andoni, Tahir Arbneshi

Книжка 3
ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАТА РЕФЛЕКСИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛЯ ПО БИОЛОГИЯ (ЧАСТ ВТОРА)

Надежда Райчева, Иса Хаджиали, Наташа Цанова, Виктория Нечева

EXISTING NATURE OF SCIENCE TEACHING OF A THAI IN-SERVICE BIOLOGY TEACHER

Wimol Sumranwanich, Sitthipon Art-in, Panee Maneechom, Chokchai Yuenyong

NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF CUCURBITA MELO GROWING IN KOSOVO

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

Книжка 2
CONTEXT-BASED CHEMISTRY LAB WORK WITH THE USE OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, E.M. Podshivalova, B.I. Bortnik

Книжка 1
ПО ПЪТЯ ON THE ROAD

Б. В. Тошев

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT FOR ENHANCING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN CHEMISTRY

Stela Georgieva, Petar Todorov, Zlatina Genova, Petia Peneva

2015 година
Книжка 6
COMPLEX SYSTEMS FOR DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES

Nikoleta Ivanova, Yana Tsoneva, Nina Ilkova, Anela Ivanova

SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA SOL-GEL MICROPARTICLES WITH EUROPIUM COMPLEXES

Nina Danchova, Gulay Ahmed, Michael Bredol, Stoyan Gutzov

INTERFACIAL REORGANIZATION OF MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES USED AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

I. Panaiotov, Tz. Ivanova, K. Balashev, N. Grozev, I. Minkov, K. Mircheva

KINETICS OF THE OSMOTIC PROCESS AND THE POLARIZATION EFFECT

Boryan P. Radoev, Ivan L. Minkov, Emil D. Manev

WETTING BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL AND A SYNTHETIC THERAPEUTIC PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

Lidia Alexandrova, Michail Nedyalkov, Dimo Platikanov

Книжка 5
TEACHER’S ACCEPTANCE OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY

Daniela Dimitrova-Radojchikj, Natasha Chichevska-Jovanova

APPLICATION OF LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY AS NONDESDUCTRIVE AND SAFE ANALYSIS METHOD FOR COMPOSITE SOLID PROPELLANTS

Amir Hossein Farhadian, Masoud Kavosh Tehrani, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Seyyed Mohamad Reza Darbany, Mehran Karimi, Amir Hossein Rezayi

THE EFFECT OF DIOCTYLPHTHALATE ON INITIAL PROPERTIES AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SOME SEMISYNTHETIC ENGINE OILS

Azadeh Ghasemizadeh, Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Alireza Nezamzade Ejhieh

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF RIVER’S WATER OF LUMBARDHI PEJA (KOSOVO)

Fatmir Faiku, Arben Haziri, Fatbardh Gashi, Naser Troni

Книжка 4
БЛАГОДАРЯ ВИ!

Александър Панайотов

ТЕМАТА ВЪГЛЕХИДРАТИ В ПРОГРАМИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ И БИОЛОГИЯ

Радка Томова, Елена Бояджиева, Миглена Славова, Мариан Николов

BILINGUAL COURSE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY: INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL1)

V. Kolarski, D. Marinkova, R. Raykova, D. Danalev, S. Terzieva

ХИМИЧНИЯТ ОПИТ – НАУКА И ЗАБАВА

Елица Чорбаджийска, Величка Димитрова, Магдалена Шекерлийска, Галина Бальова, Методийка Ангелова

ЕКОЛОГИЯТА В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Здравка Костова

Книжка 3
SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINATED HYDROXYCINNAMOYL DERIVATIVES OF ANTI-INFLUENZA DRUGS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Boyka Stoykova, Maya Chochkova, Galya Ivanova, Luchia Mukova, Nadya Nikolova, Lubomira Nikolaeva-Glomb, Pavel Vojtíšek, Tsenka Milkova, Martin Štícha, David Havlíček

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS DRUGS

Radoslav Chayrov, Vesela Veselinova, Vasilka Markova, Luchia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

NEW DERIVATIVES OF OSELTAMIVIR WITH BILE ACIDS

Kiril Chuchkov, Silvia Nakova, Lucia Mukova, Angel Galabov, Ivanka Stankova

MONOHYDROXY FLAVONES. PART III: THE MULLIKEN ANALYSIS

Maria Vakarelska-Popovska, Zhivko Velkov

LEU-ARG ANALOGUES: SYNTHESIS, IR CHARACTERIZATION AND DOCKING STUDIES

Tatyana Dzimbova, Atanas Chapkanov, Tamara Pajpanova

LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AC 11S AS A BIOCATALYST IN MICROBIAL ELECYTOLYSIS CELL

Elitsa Chorbadzhiyska, Yolina Hubenova, Sophia Yankova, Dragomir Yankov, Mario Mitov

STUDYING THE PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF ANTIMONY WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE

K. B. Omarov, Z. B. Absat, S. K. Aldabergenova, A. B. Siyazova, N. J. Rakhimzhanova, Z. B. Sagindykova

Книжка 2
TEACHING CHEMISTRY AT TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Lilyana Nacheva-Skopalik, Milena Koleva

ФОРМИРАЩО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ PEER INSTRUCTION С ПОМОЩТА НА PLICКERS ТЕХНОЛОГИЯТА

Ивелина Коцева, Мая Гайдарова, Галина Ненчева

VAPOR PRESSURES OF 1-BUTANOL OVER WIDE RANGE OF THEMPERATURES

Javid Safarov, Bahruz Ahmadov, Saleh Mirzayev, Astan Shahverdiyev, Egon Hassel

Книжка 1
РУМЕН ЛЮБОМИРОВ ДОЙЧЕВ (1938 – 1999)

Огнян Димитров, Здравка Костова

NAMING OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Maria Atanassova

2014 година
Книжка 6
LUBRICATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT PENTAERYTHRITOL-OLEIC ACID REACTION PRODUCTS

Abolfazl Semnani, Hamid Shakoori Langeroodi, Mahboube Shirani

ALLELOPATHIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORIGANUM VULGARE SSP. VULGARE GROWING WILD IN BULGARIA

Asya Pencheva Dragoeva, Vanya Petrova Koleva, Zheni Dimitrova Nanova, Mariya Zhivkova Kaschieva, Irina Rumenova Yotova

Книжка 5
GENDER ISSUES OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Н.H.Petruchenia, M.I.Vorovka

МНОГОВАРИАЦИОННА СТАТИСТИЧЕСКА ОЦЕНКА НА DREEM – БЪЛГАРИЯ: ВЪЗПРИЕМАНЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНАТА СРЕДА ОТ СТУДЕНТИТЕ В МЕДИЦИНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ – СОФИЯ

Радка Томова, Павлина Гатева, Радка Хаджиолова, Зафер Сабит, Миглена Славова, Гергана Чергарова, Васил Симеонов

MUSSEL BIOADHESIVES: A TOP LESSON FROM NATURE

Saâd Moulay Université Saâd Dahlab de Blida, Algeria

Книжка 4
ЕЛЕКТРОННО ПОМАГАЛO „ОТ АТОМА ДО КОСМОСА“ ЗА УЧЕНИЦИ ОТ Х КЛАС

Силвия Боянова Професионална гимназия „Акад. Сергей П. Корольов“ – Дупница

ЕСЕТО КАТО ИНТЕГРАТИВЕН КОНСТРУКТ – НОРМАТИВЕН, ПРОЦЕСУАЛЕН И ОЦЕНЪЧНО-РЕЗУЛТАТИВЕН АСПЕКТ

Надежда Райчева, Иван Капурдов, Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Снежана Томова

44<sup>-ТA</sup> МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Василева

ДОЦ. Д.П.Н. АЛЕКСАНДЪР АТАНАСОВ ПАНАЙОТОВ

Наташа Цанова, Иса Хаджиали, Надежда Райчева

COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING SYSTEM FOR STUDYING ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

N. Y. Stozhko, A. V. Tchernysheva, L.I. Mironova

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА: БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА В ГОДИНАТА 3000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. 3.

С РАКЕТНА ГРАНАТА КЪМ МЕСЕЦА:, БОРБА С ЕДНА ЛЕДЕНА ЕПОХА, В ГОДИНАТА 000 СЛЕД ХРИСТА. .

Книжка 3
ВИСША МАТЕМАТИКА ЗА УЧИТЕЛИ, УЧЕНИЦИ И СТУДЕНТИ: ДИФЕРЕНЦИАЛНО СМЯТАНЕ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ВАСИЛ ХРИСТОВ БОЗАРОВ

Пенка Бозарова, Здравка Костова

ЖИВАТА ПРИРОДА

Б. В. Тошев

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ НА СТАТИИ ЗА МИСКОНЦЕПЦИИТЕ В ОБУЧЕНИЕТО ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ ВЪВ ВСИЧКИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛНИ НИВА

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

Книжка 2
BOTYU ATANASSOV BOTEV

Zdravka Kostova, Margarita Topashka-Ancheva

CHRONOLOGY OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS DISCOVERIES

Maria Atanassova, Radoslav Angelov

Книжка 1
КАК ДА МОТИВИРАМЕ УЧЕНИЦИТЕ OT VII КЛАС ДА УЧАТ

Маргарита Бозова, Петко Бозов

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПРИРОДОНАУЧНА ГРАМОТНОСТ

Адриана Тафрова-Григорова

2013 година
Книжка 6
DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING IN SCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ШЕСТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА“

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: SOME RECENT PERIODICALS (2013)

Chemistry: Bulgarian Journal of Science Education

45. НАЦИОНАЛНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ХИМИЯ

„Образователни стандарти и природонаучна грамотност“ – това е темата на състоялата се от 25 до 27 октомври 2013 г. в Габрово 45. Национална конфе- ренция на учителите по химия с международно участие, която по традиция се проведе комбинирано с Годишната конференция на Българското дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията. Изборът на темата е предизвикан от факта, че развиването на природонаучна грамотност е обща тенденция на реформите на учебните програми и главна

Книжка 5

ЗА ХИМИЯТА НА БИРАТА

Ивелин Кулев

МЕТЕОРИТЪТ ОТ БЕЛОГРАДЧИК

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

Книжка 4
RECASTING THE DERIVATION OF THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION INTO A CONCEPTUALLY SIMPLER FORM

Srihari Murthy Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, India

CHEMICAL REACTIONS DO NOT ALWAYS MODERATE CHANGES IN CONCENTRATION OF AN ACTIVE COMPONENT

Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, Vicent Sanjosé Universitat de Valènciа, Spain

POLYMETALLIC COMPEXES: CV. SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL, THERMOGRAVIMETRIC, XRD, MOLECULAR MODELLING AND POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF TETRAMERIC COMPLEXES OF Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) AND Hg(II) WITH OCTADENTATE AZODYE LIGANDS

Bipin B. Mahapatra, S. N. Dehury, A. K. Sarangi, S. N. Chaulia G. M. Autonomous College, India Covt. College of Engineering Kalahandi, India DAV Junior College, India

ПРОФЕСОР ЕЛЕНА КИРКОВА НАВЪРШИ 90 ГОДИНИ

CELEBRATING 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF PROFESSOR ELENA KIRKOVA

Книжка 3
SIMULATION OF THE FATTY ACID SYNTHASE COMPLEX MECHANISM OF ACTION

M.E.A. Mohammed, Ali Abeer, Fatima Elsamani, O.M. Elsheikh, Abdulrizak Hodow, O. Khamis Haji

FORMING OF CONTENT OF DIFFERENTIAL TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY IN SCHOOL EDUCATION OF UKRAINE

G. Yuzbasheva Kherson Academy of Continuing Education, Ukraine

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАДИКАЛ-УЛАВЯЩА СПОСОБНОСТ

Станислав Станимиров, Живко Велков

Книжка 2
Книжка 1
COLORFUL EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDENTS: SYNTHESIS OF INDIGO AND DERIVATIVES

Vanessa BIANDA, Jos-Antonio CONSTENLA, Rolf HAUBRICHS, Pierre-Lonard ZAFFALON

OBSERVING CHANGE IN POTASSIUM ABUNDANCE IN A SOIL EROSION EXPERIMENT WITH FIELD INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

ЦАРСКАТА ПЕЩЕРА

Рафаил ПОПОВ

УЧИЛИЩНИ ЛАБОРАТОРИИ И ОБОРУДВАНЕ SCHOOL LABORATORIES AND EQUIPMENT

Учебни лаборатории Илюстрации от каталог на Franz Hugershoff, Лайциг, притежаван от бъдещия

2012 година
Книжка 6
ADDRESING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS CONCERNING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATIONS

Marina I. Stojanovska, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Bojan T. Šoptrajanov

АНАЛИЗ НА ПОСТИЖЕНИЯТА НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОТ ПЕТИ КЛАС ВЪРХУ РАЗДЕЛ „ВЕЩЕСТВА И ТЕХНИТЕ СВОЙСТВА“ ПО ЧОВЕКЪТ И ПРИРОДАТА

Иваничка Буровска, Стефан Цаковски Регионален инспекторат по образованието – Ловеч

ЕКОТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ

Васил Симеонов

ПРОФ. МЕДОДИЙ ПОПОВ ЗА НАУКАТА И НАУЧНАТА ДЕЙНОСТ (1920 Г.)

Проф. Методий Попов (1881-1954) Госпожици и Господа студенти,

Книжка 5
КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА СХЕМА НА УЧИЛИЩНИЯ КУРС П О ХИМИЯ – МАКР О СКОПСКИ ПОДХОД

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ROLE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES TO STUDY MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM

Sunanda S. Aswale, Shashikant R. Aswale, Aparna B. Dhote Lokmanya Tilak Mahavidyalaya, INDIA Nilkanthrao Shinde College, INDIA

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF IBUPROFEN AND RANITIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE USING UV SPECTROPHOT O METRIC METHOD

Jadupati Malakar, Amit Kumar Nayak Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, INDIA

GAPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR SOIL EROSION ASSESSMENT

Mila Ivanova Luleva, Harald van der Werff, Freek van der Meer, Victor Jetten

РАДИОХИМИЯ И АРХЕОМЕТРИЯ: ПРО Ф. ДХН ИВЕЛИН КУЛЕВ RADIOCHEMISTRY AND ARCHEOMETRY: PROF. IVELIN KULEFF, DSc

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

Книжка 4
TEACHING THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER

Małgorzata Nodzyńska, Jan Rajmund Paśko

СЪСИРВАЩА СИСТЕМА НА КРЪВТА

Маша Радославова, Ася Драгоева

CATALITIC VOLCANO

CATALITIC VOLCANO

43-ТА МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка ТАШЕВА, Пенка ЦАНОВА

ЮБИЛЕЙ: ПРОФ. ДХН БОРИС ГЪЛЪБОВ JUBILEE: PROF. DR. BORIS GALABOV

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ПЪРВИЯТ ПРАВИЛНИК ЗА УЧЕБНИЦИТЕ (1897 Г.)

Чл. 1. Съставянето и издаване на учебници се предоставя на частната инициа- тива. Забележка: На учителите – съставители на учебници се запрещава сами да разпродават своите учебници. Чл. 2. Министерството на народното просвещение може да определя премии по конкурс за съставяне на учебници за горните класове на гимназиите и специ- алните училища. Чл. 3. Никой учебник не може да бъде въведен в училищата, ако предварително не е прегледан и одобрен от Министерството на народното просвещение. Чл.

JOHN DEWEY: HOW WE THINK (1910)

John Dewey (1859 – 1952)

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ЗА СПЕЦИАЛНОСТИТЕ В ОБЛАСТТА НА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ В СОФИЙСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ

1. Биология Студентите от специалност Биология придобиват знания и практически умения в областта на биологическите науки, като акцентът е поставен на организмово равнище. Те се подготвят да изследват биологията на организмите на клетъчно- организмово, популационно и екосистемно ниво в научно-функционален и прило- жен аспект, с оглед на провеждане на научно-изследователска, научно-приложна, производствена и педагогическа дейност. Чрез широк набор избираеми и факул- тативни курсове студентите

Книжка 3
УЧИТЕЛИТЕ ПО ПРИРОДНИ НАУКИ – ЗА КОНСТРУКТИВИСТКАТА УЧЕБНА СРЕДА В БЪЛГАРСКОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ

Адриана Тафрова-Григорова, Милена Кирова, Елена Бояджиева

ПОВИШАВАНЕ ИНТЕРЕСА КЪМ ИСТОРИЯТА НА ХИМИЧНИТЕ ЗНАНИЯ И ПРАКТИКИ ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ

Людмила Генкова, Свобода Бенева Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

НАЧАЛО НА ПРЕПОДАВАНЕТО НА УЧЕБЕН ПРЕДМЕТ ХИМИЯ В АПРИЛОВОТО УЧИЛИЩЕ В ГАБРОВО

Мария Николова Национална Априловска гимназия – Габрово

ПРИРОДОНАУЧНОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В БЪЛГАРИЯ – ФОТОАРХИВ

В един дълъг период от време гимназиалните учители по математика, физика, химия и естествена

Книжка 2
„МАГИЯТА НА ХИМИЯТА“ – ВЕЧЕР НА ХИМИЯТА В ЕЗИКОВА ГИМНАЗИЯ „АКАД. Л. СТОЯНОВ“ БЛАГОЕВГРАД

Стефка Михайлова Езикова гимназия „Акад. Людмил Стоянов“ – Благоевград

МЕЖДУНАРОДНАТА ГОДИНА НА ХИМИЯТА 2011 В ПОЩЕНСКИ МАРКИ

Б. В. Тошев Българско дружество за химическо образование и история и философия на химията

ЗА ПРИРОДНИТЕ НАУКИ И ЗА ПРАКТИКУМА ПО ФИЗИКА (Иванов, 1926)

Бурният развой на естествознанието във всичките му клонове през XIX –ия век предизвика дълбоки промени в мирогледа на културния свят, в техниката и в индустрията, в социалните отношения и в държавните интереси. Можем ли днес да си представим един философ, един държавен мъж, един обществен деец, един индустриалец, просто един културен човек, който би могъл да игнорира придобив- ките на природните науки през последния век. Какви ужасни катастрофи, какви социални сътресения би сполетяло съвре

Книжка 1
MURPHY’S LAW IN CHEMISTRY

Milan D. Stojković

42-рa МЕЖДУНАРОДНА ОЛИМПИАДА ПО ХИМИЯ

Донка Ташева, Пенка Цанова

СЕМЕЙНИ УЧЕНИЧЕСКИ ВЕЧЕРИНКИ

Семейството трябва да познава училишето и училишето трябва да познава семейството. Взаимното познанство се налага от обстоятелството, че те, макар и да са два различни по природата си фактори на възпитанието, преследват една и съща проста цел – младото поколение да бъде по-умно, по-нравствено, физически по-здраво и по-щастливо от старото – децата да бъдат по-щастливи от родителите